3 * Interface to GiNaC's light-weight expression handles. */
6 * GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
8 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
9 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
10 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
11 * (at your option) any later version.
13 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
16 * GNU General Public License for more details.
18 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
19 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
20 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
23 #ifndef __GINAC_EX_H__
24 #define __GINAC_EX_H__
33 /** Helper class to initialize the library. There must be one static object
34 * of this class in every object file that makes use of our flyweights in
35 * order to guarantee proper initialization. Hence we put it into this
36 * file which is included by every relevant file anyways. This is modeled
37 * after section 27.4.2.1.6 of the C++ standard, where cout and friends are
48 /** For construction of flyweights, etc. */
49 static library_init library_initializer;
51 // Current versions of Cint don't link data declared extern within functions.
52 // FIXME: Fix Cint and later remove this from here.
53 #if defined(G__CINTVERSION)
54 extern const class numeric *_num0_p;
60 class scalar_products;
63 /** Lightweight wrapper for GiNaC's symbolic objects. Basically all it does is
64 * to hold a pointer to the other objects, manage the reference counting and
65 * provide methods for manipulation of these objects. (Some people call such
66 * a thing a proxy class.) */
69 friend class archive_node;
70 friend inline bool are_ex_trivially_equal(const ex &, const ex &);
71 template<class T> friend inline const T &ex_to(const ex &);
72 template<class T> friend inline bool is_a(const ex &);
73 template<class T> friend inline bool is_exactly_a(const ex &);
75 // default ctor, dtor, copy ctor, assignment operator and helpers
80 ex & operator=(const ex & other);
83 ex(const basic & other);
90 /** Construct ex from string and a list of symbols. The input grammar is
91 * similar to the GiNaC output format. All symbols and indices to be used
92 * in the expression must be specified in a lst in the second argument.
93 * Undefined symbols and other parser errors will throw an exception. */
94 ex(const std::string &s, const ex &l);
96 // non-virtual functions in this class
98 /** Efficiently swap the contents of two expressions. */
102 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
103 GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
104 GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
111 void print(const print_context & c, unsigned level = 0) const;
112 void dbgprint(void) const;
113 void dbgprinttree(void) const;
114 bool info(unsigned inf) const { return bp->info(inf); }
115 size_t nops() const { return bp->nops(); }
116 ex expand(unsigned options=0) const;
117 bool has(const ex & pattern) const { return bp->has(pattern); }
118 ex map(map_function & f) const { return bp->map(f); }
119 ex map(ex (*f)(const ex & e)) const;
120 bool find(const ex & pattern, lst & found) const;
121 int degree(const ex & s) const { return bp->degree(s); }
122 int ldegree(const ex & s) const { return bp->ldegree(s); }
123 ex coeff(const ex & s, int n = 1) const { return bp->coeff(s, n); }
124 ex lcoeff(const ex & s) const { return coeff(s, degree(s)); }
125 ex tcoeff(const ex & s) const { return coeff(s, ldegree(s)); }
126 ex numer(void) const;
127 ex denom(void) const;
128 ex numer_denom(void) const;
129 ex unit(const symbol &x) const;
130 ex content(const symbol &x) const;
131 numeric integer_content(void) const;
132 ex primpart(const symbol &x) const;
133 ex primpart(const symbol &x, const ex &cont) const;
134 ex normal(int level = 0) const;
135 ex to_rational(lst &repl_lst) const;
136 ex to_polynomial(lst &repl_lst) const;
137 ex smod(const numeric &xi) const { return bp->smod(xi); }
138 numeric max_coefficient(void) const;
139 ex collect(const ex & s, bool distributed = false) const { return bp->collect(s, distributed); }
140 ex eval(int level = 0) const { return bp->eval(level); }
141 ex evalf(int level = 0) const { return bp->evalf(level); }
142 ex evalm(void) const { return bp->evalm(); }
143 ex diff(const symbol & s, unsigned nth = 1) const;
144 ex series(const ex & r, int order, unsigned options = 0) const;
145 bool match(const ex & pattern) const;
146 bool match(const ex & pattern, lst & repl_lst) const { return bp->match(pattern, repl_lst); }
147 ex subs(const lst & ls, const lst & lr, unsigned options = 0) const { return bp->subs(ls, lr, options); }
148 ex subs(const ex & e, unsigned options = 0) const { return bp->subs(e, options); }
149 exvector get_free_indices(void) const { return bp->get_free_indices(); }
150 ex simplify_indexed(void) const;
151 ex simplify_indexed(const scalar_products & sp) const;
152 ex symmetrize(void) const;
153 ex symmetrize(const lst & l) const;
154 ex antisymmetrize(void) const;
155 ex antisymmetrize(const lst & l) const;
156 ex symmetrize_cyclic(void) const;
157 ex symmetrize_cyclic(const lst & l) const;
158 ex eval_ncmul(const exvector & v) const { return bp->eval_ncmul(v); }
159 ex op(size_t i) const { return bp->op(i); }
160 ex operator[](const ex & index) const { return (*bp)[index]; }
161 ex operator[](size_t i) const { return (*bp)[i]; }
162 ex & let_op(size_t i);
163 ex & operator[](const ex & index);
164 ex & operator[](size_t i);
167 int compare(const ex & other) const;
168 bool is_equal(const ex & other) const;
169 bool is_zero(void) const { extern const ex _ex0; return is_equal(_ex0); }
171 unsigned return_type(void) const { return bp->return_type(); }
172 unsigned return_type_tinfo(void) const { return bp->return_type_tinfo(); }
173 unsigned gethash(void) const { return bp->gethash(); }
175 void construct_from_basic(const basic & other);
176 void construct_from_int(int i);
177 void construct_from_uint(unsigned int i);
178 void construct_from_long(long i);
179 void construct_from_ulong(unsigned long i);
180 void construct_from_double(double d);
181 void construct_from_string_and_lst(const std::string &s, const ex &l);
182 void makewriteable();
184 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
186 static bool last_created_or_assigned_bp_can_be_converted_to_ex(void)
188 if (last_created_or_assigned_bp==0) return false;
189 if ((last_created_or_assigned_bp->flags &
190 status_flags::dynallocated)==0) return false;
191 if ((last_created_or_assigned_bp->flags &
192 status_flags::evaluated)==0) return false;
196 void update_last_created_or_assigned_bp(void)
198 if (last_created_or_assigned_bp!=0) {
199 if (--last_created_or_assigned_bp->refcount == 0) {
200 delete last_created_or_assigned_bp;
203 last_created_or_assigned_bp = bp;
204 ++last_created_or_assigned_bp->refcount;
205 last_created_or_assigned_exp = (long)(void *)(this);
207 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
212 basic *bp; ///< pointer to basic object managed by this
213 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
215 static basic * last_created_or_assigned_bp;
216 static basic * dummy_bp;
217 static long last_created_or_assigned_exp;
218 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
222 // performance-critical inlined method implementations
227 extern const class numeric *_num0_p;
228 bp = (basic*)_num0_p;
230 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
232 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
233 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
234 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
241 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
242 if (--bp->refcount == 0)
247 ex::ex(const ex & other) : bp(other.bp)
250 GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
252 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
253 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
254 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
258 ex & ex::operator=(const ex & other)
261 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
262 GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
263 GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
264 // NB: must first increment other.bp->refcount, since other might be *this.
265 ++other.bp->refcount;
266 if (--bp->refcount==0)
269 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
270 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
271 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
276 ex::ex(const basic & other)
278 construct_from_basic(other);
279 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
280 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
281 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
287 construct_from_int(i);
288 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
289 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
290 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
294 ex::ex(unsigned int i)
296 construct_from_uint(i);
297 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
298 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
299 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
305 construct_from_long(i);
306 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
307 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
308 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
312 ex::ex(unsigned long i)
314 construct_from_ulong(i);
315 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
316 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
317 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
321 ex::ex(double const d)
323 construct_from_double(d);
324 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
325 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
326 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
330 ex::ex(const std::string &s, const ex &l)
332 construct_from_string_and_lst(s, l);
333 #ifdef OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
334 update_last_created_or_assigned_bp();
335 #endif // def OBSCURE_CINT_HACK
339 int ex::compare(const ex & other) const
342 GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
343 if (bp==other.bp) // trivial case: both expressions point to same basic
345 return bp->compare(*other.bp);
349 bool ex::is_equal(const ex & other) const
352 GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
353 if (bp==other.bp) // trivial case: both expressions point to same basic
355 return bp->is_equal(*other.bp);
361 /** Compare two objects of class quickly without doing a deep tree traversal.
362 * @return "true" if they are equal
363 * "false" if equality cannot be established quickly (e1 and e2 may
364 * still be equal, in this case. */
365 inline bool are_ex_trivially_equal(const ex &e1, const ex &e2)
367 return e1.bp == e2.bp;
370 // wrapper functions around member functions
371 inline size_t nops(const ex & thisex)
372 { return thisex.nops(); }
374 inline ex expand(const ex & thisex, unsigned options = 0)
375 { return thisex.expand(options); }
377 inline bool has(const ex & thisex, const ex & pattern)
378 { return thisex.has(pattern); }
380 inline bool find(const ex & thisex, const ex & pattern, lst & found)
381 { return thisex.find(pattern, found); }
383 inline int degree(const ex & thisex, const ex & s)
384 { return thisex.degree(s); }
386 inline int ldegree(const ex & thisex, const ex & s)
387 { return thisex.ldegree(s); }
389 inline ex coeff(const ex & thisex, const ex & s, int n=1)
390 { return thisex.coeff(s, n); }
392 inline ex numer(const ex & thisex)
393 { return thisex.numer(); }
395 inline ex denom(const ex & thisex)
396 { return thisex.denom(); }
398 inline ex numer_denom(const ex & thisex)
399 { return thisex.numer_denom(); }
401 inline ex normal(const ex & thisex, int level=0)
402 { return thisex.normal(level); }
404 inline ex to_rational(const ex & thisex, lst & repl_lst)
405 { return thisex.to_rational(repl_lst); }
407 inline ex to_polynomial(const ex & thisex, lst & repl_lst)
408 { return thisex.to_polynomial(repl_lst); }
410 inline ex collect(const ex & thisex, const ex & s, bool distributed = false)
411 { return thisex.collect(s, distributed); }
413 inline ex eval(const ex & thisex, int level = 0)
414 { return thisex.eval(level); }
416 inline ex evalf(const ex & thisex, int level = 0)
417 { return thisex.evalf(level); }
419 inline ex evalm(const ex & thisex)
420 { return thisex.evalm(); }
422 inline ex diff(const ex & thisex, const symbol & s, unsigned nth = 1)
423 { return thisex.diff(s, nth); }
425 inline ex series(const ex & thisex, const ex & r, int order, unsigned options = 0)
426 { return thisex.series(r, order, options); }
428 inline bool match(const ex & thisex, const ex & pattern, lst & repl_lst)
429 { return thisex.match(pattern, repl_lst); }
431 inline ex subs(const ex & thisex, const ex & e, unsigned options = 0)
432 { return thisex.subs(e, options); }
434 inline ex subs(const ex & thisex, const lst & ls, const lst & lr, unsigned options = 0)
435 { return thisex.subs(ls, lr, options); }
437 inline ex simplify_indexed(const ex & thisex)
438 { return thisex.simplify_indexed(); }
440 inline ex simplify_indexed(const ex & thisex, const scalar_products & sp)
441 { return thisex.simplify_indexed(sp); }
443 inline ex symmetrize(const ex & thisex)
444 { return thisex.symmetrize(); }
446 inline ex symmetrize(const ex & thisex, const lst & l)
447 { return thisex.symmetrize(l); }
449 inline ex antisymmetrize(const ex & thisex)
450 { return thisex.antisymmetrize(); }
452 inline ex antisymmetrize(const ex & thisex, const lst & l)
453 { return thisex.antisymmetrize(l); }
455 inline ex symmetrize_cyclic(const ex & thisex)
456 { return thisex.symmetrize_cyclic(); }
458 inline ex symmetrize_cyclic(const ex & thisex, const lst & l)
459 { return thisex.symmetrize_cyclic(l); }
461 inline ex op(const ex & thisex, size_t i)
462 { return thisex.op(i); }
464 inline ex lhs(const ex & thisex)
465 { return thisex.lhs(); }
467 inline ex rhs(const ex & thisex)
468 { return thisex.rhs(); }
470 inline bool is_zero(const ex & thisex)
471 { return thisex.is_zero(); }
473 inline void swap(ex & e1, ex & e2)
476 /* Function objects for STL sort() etc. */
477 struct ex_is_less : public std::binary_function<ex, ex, bool> {
478 bool operator() (const ex &lh, const ex &rh) const { return lh.compare(rh) < 0; }
481 struct ex_is_equal : public std::binary_function<ex, ex, bool> {
482 bool operator() (const ex &lh, const ex &rh) const { return lh.is_equal(rh); }
485 struct op0_is_equal : public std::binary_function<ex, ex, bool> {
486 bool operator() (const ex &lh, const ex &rh) const { return lh.op(0).is_equal(rh.op(0)); }
489 struct ex_swap : public std::binary_function<ex, ex, void> {
490 void operator() (ex &lh, ex &rh) const { lh.swap(rh); }
494 /* Convert function pointer to function object suitable for map(). */
495 class pointer_to_map_function : public map_function {
497 ex (*ptr)(const ex &);
499 explicit pointer_to_map_function(ex (*x)(const ex &)) : ptr(x) {}
500 ex operator()(const ex & e) { return ptr(e); }
504 class pointer_to_map_function_1arg : public map_function {
506 ex (*ptr)(const ex &, T1);
509 explicit pointer_to_map_function_1arg(ex (*x)(const ex &, T1), T1 a1) : ptr(x), arg1(a1) {}
510 ex operator()(const ex & e) { return ptr(e, arg1); }
513 template<class T1, class T2>
514 class pointer_to_map_function_2args : public map_function {
516 ex (*ptr)(const ex &, T1, T2);
520 explicit pointer_to_map_function_2args(ex (*x)(const ex &, T1, T2), T1 a1, T2 a2) : ptr(x), arg1(a1), arg2(a2) {}
521 ex operator()(const ex & e) { return ptr(e, arg1, arg2); }
524 template<class T1, class T2, class T3>
525 class pointer_to_map_function_3args : public map_function {
527 ex (*ptr)(const ex &, T1, T2, T3);
532 explicit pointer_to_map_function_3args(ex (*x)(const ex &, T1, T2, T3), T1 a1, T2 a2, T3 a3) : ptr(x), arg1(a1), arg2(a2), arg3(a3) {}
533 ex operator()(const ex & e) { return ptr(e, arg1, arg2, arg3); }
536 inline ex ex::map(ex (*f)(const ex & e)) const
538 pointer_to_map_function fcn(f);
542 // convenience type checker template functions
544 /** Check if ex is a handle to a T, including base classes. */
546 inline bool is_a(const ex &obj)
548 return is_a<T>(*obj.bp);
551 /** Check if ex is a handle to a T, not including base classes. */
553 inline bool is_exactly_a(const ex &obj)
555 return is_exactly_a<T>(*obj.bp);
558 /** Return a reference to the basic-derived class T object embedded in an
559 * expression. This is fast but unsafe: the result is undefined if the
560 * expression does not contain a T object at its top level. Hence, you
561 * should generally check the type of e first.
563 * @param e expression
564 * @return reference to object of class T
565 * @see is_exactly_a<class T>() */
567 inline const T &ex_to(const ex &e)
569 GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<T>(e));
570 return static_cast<const T &>(*e.bp);
576 // Specializations of Standard Library algorithms
579 /** Specialization of std::swap() for ex objects. */
581 inline void swap(GiNaC::ex &a, GiNaC::ex &b)
586 /** Specialization of std::iter_swap() for vector<ex> iterators. */
588 inline void iter_swap(vector<GiNaC::ex>::iterator i1, vector<GiNaC::ex>::iterator i2)
595 #endif // ndef __GINAC_EX_H__