From f78b1f296310b5f1c01b74c9fb10dd33af2a8f4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Christian Bauer Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2003 20:10:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 1/1] mention the "dummy()" function option --- doc/tutorial/ginac.texi | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/tutorial/ginac.texi b/doc/tutorial/ginac.texi index d7724d60..f1a88ebd 100644 --- a/doc/tutorial/ginac.texi +++ b/doc/tutorial/ginac.texi @@ -5451,12 +5451,7 @@ that is not further evaluated: @example DECLARE_FUNCTION_2P(myfcn) -static ex myfcn_eval(const ex & x, const ex & y) -@{ - return myfcn(x, y).hold(); -@} - -REGISTER_FUNCTION(myfcn, eval_func(myfcn_eval)) +REGISTER_FUNCTION(myfcn, dummy()) @end example Any code that has seen the @code{DECLARE_FUNCTION} line can use @code{myfcn()} @@ -5466,33 +5461,20 @@ in algebraic expressions: @{ ... symbol x("x"); - ex e = 2*myfcn(42, 3*x+1) - x; - // this calls myfcn_eval(42, 3*x+1), and inserts its return value into - // the actual expression + ex e = 2*myfcn(42, 1+3*x) - x; cout << e << endl; // prints '2*myfcn(42,1+3*x)-x' ... @} @end example -@cindex @code{hold()} -@cindex evaluation -The @code{eval_func()} option specifies the C++ function that implements -the @code{eval()} method, GiNaC's anonymous evaluator. This function takes -the same number of arguments as the associated symbolic function (two in this -case) and returns the (possibly transformed or in some way simplified) -symbolically evaluated function (@xref{Automatic evaluation}, for a description -of the automatic evaluation process). If no (further) evaluation is to take -place, the @code{eval_func()} function must return the original function -with @code{.hold()}, to avoid a potential infinite recursion. If your -symbolic functions produce a segmentation fault or stack overflow when -using them in expressions, you are probably missing a @code{.hold()} -somewhere. +The @code{dummy()} option in the @code{REGISTER_FUNCTION} line signifies +"no options". A function with no options specified merely acts as a kind of +container for its arguments. It is a pure "dummy" function with no associated +logic (which is, however, sometimes perfectly sufficient). -There is not much you can do with the @code{myfcn} function. It merely acts -as a kind of container for its arguments (which is, however, sometimes -perfectly sufficient). Let's have a look at the implementation of GiNaC's -cosine function. +Let's now have a look at the implementation of GiNaC's cosine function for an +example of how to make an "intelligent" function. @subsection The cosine function @@ -5506,9 +5488,38 @@ which declares to all programs using GiNaC that there is a function @samp{cos} that takes one @code{ex} as an argument. This is all they need to know to use this function in expressions. -The implementation of the cosine function is in @file{inifcns_trans.cpp}. The -@code{eval_func()} function looks something like this (actually, it doesn't -look like this at all, but it should give you an idea what is going on): +The implementation of the cosine function is in @file{inifcns_trans.cpp}. Here +is its @code{REGISTER_FUNCTION} line: + +@example +REGISTER_FUNCTION(cos, eval_func(cos_eval). + evalf_func(cos_evalf). + derivative_func(cos_deriv). + latex_name("\\cos")); +@end example + +There are four options defined for the cosine function. One of them +(@code{latex_name}) gives the function a proper name for LaTeX output; the +other three indicate the C++ functions in which the "brains" of the cosine +function are defined. + +@cindex @code{hold()} +@cindex evaluation +The @code{eval_func()} option specifies the C++ function that implements +the @code{eval()} method, GiNaC's anonymous evaluator. This function takes +the same number of arguments as the associated symbolic function (one in this +case) and returns the (possibly transformed or in some way simplified) +symbolically evaluated function (@xref{Automatic evaluation}, for a description +of the automatic evaluation process). If no (further) evaluation is to take +place, the @code{eval_func()} function must return the original function +with @code{.hold()}, to avoid a potential infinite recursion. If your +symbolic functions produce a segmentation fault or stack overflow when +using them in expressions, you are probably missing a @code{.hold()} +somewhere. + +The @code{eval_func()} function for the cosine looks something like this +(actually, it doesn't look like this at all, but it should give you an idea +what is going on): @example static ex cos_eval(const ex & x) @@ -5532,6 +5543,20 @@ static ex cos_eval(const ex & x) @} @end example +This function is called every time the cosine is used in a symbolic expression: + +@example +@{ + ... + e = cos(Pi); + // this calls cos_eval(Pi), and inserts its return value into + // the actual expression + cout << e << endl; + // prints '-1' + ... +@} +@end example + In this way, @code{cos(4*Pi)} automatically becomes @math{1}, @code{cos(asin(a+b))} becomes @code{sqrt(1-(a+b)^2)}, etc. If no reasonable symbolic transformation can be done, the unmodified function is returned @@ -5598,26 +5623,13 @@ static ex tan_series(const ex & x, const relational & rel, The @code{series()} implementation of a function @emph{must} return a @code{pseries} object, otherwise your code will crash. -Now that all the ingredients have been set up, the @code{REGISTER_FUNCTION} -macro is used to tell the system how the @code{cos()} function behaves: - -@example -REGISTER_FUNCTION(cos, eval_func(cos_eval). - evalf_func(cos_evalf). - derivative_func(cos_deriv). - latex_name("\\cos")); -@end example - -This registers the @code{cos_eval()}, @code{cos_evalf()} and -@code{cos_deriv()} C++ functions with the @code{cos()} function, and also -gives it a proper LaTeX name. - @subsection Function options GiNaC functions understand several more options which are always specified as @code{.option(params)}. None of them are required, but you -need to specify at least one option to @code{REGISTER_FUNCTION()} (usually -the @code{eval()} method). +need to specify at least one option to @code{REGISTER_FUNCTION()}. There +is a do-nothing option called @code{dummy()} which you can use to define +functions without any special options. @example eval_func() -- 2.44.0