]> www.ginac.de Git - ginac.git/blobdiff - ginac/power.cpp
Make add::eval(), mul::eval() work without compromise.
[ginac.git] / ginac / power.cpp
index 1a4f57dbfe142741fc6117044f3c778673eb3389..afe2f1ef08fb5b34b79f3365d01bffe372ff9d73 100644 (file)
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
 
 namespace GiNaC {
 
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ void power::do_print_latex(const print_latex & c, unsigned level) const
 static void print_sym_pow(const print_context & c, const symbol &x, int exp)
 {
        // Optimal output of integer powers of symbols to aid compiler CSE.
-       // C.f. ISO/IEC 14882:1998, section 1.9 [intro execution], paragraph 15
+       // C.f. ISO/IEC 14882:2011, section 1.9 [intro execution], paragraph 15
        // to learn why such a parenthesation is really necessary.
        if (exp == 1) {
                x.print(c);
@@ -178,8 +179,8 @@ void power::do_print_csrc_cl_N(const print_csrc_cl_N& c, unsigned level) const
 void power::do_print_csrc(const print_csrc & c, unsigned level) const
 {
        // Integer powers of symbols are printed in a special, optimized way
-       if (exponent.info(info_flags::integer)
-        && (is_a<symbol>(basis) || is_a<constant>(basis))) {
+       if (exponent.info(info_flags::integer) &&
+           (is_a<symbol>(basis) || is_a<constant>(basis))) {
                int exp = ex_to<numeric>(exponent).to_int();
                if (exp > 0)
                        c.s << '(';
@@ -281,7 +282,7 @@ ex power::map(map_function & f) const
 
        if (!are_ex_trivially_equal(basis, mapped_basis)
         || !are_ex_trivially_equal(exponent, mapped_exponent))
-               return (new power(mapped_basis, mapped_exponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               return dynallocate<power>(mapped_basis, mapped_exponent);
        else
                return *this;
 }
@@ -384,8 +385,8 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
        const ex & ebasis    = level==1 ? basis    : basis.eval(level-1);
        const ex & eexponent = level==1 ? exponent : exponent.eval(level-1);
        
-       const numeric *num_basis = NULL;
-       const numeric *num_exponent = NULL;
+       const numeric *num_basis = nullptr;
+       const numeric *num_exponent = nullptr;
        
        if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(ebasis)) {
                num_basis = &ex_to<numeric>(ebasis);
@@ -437,9 +438,7 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
                        const bool exponent_is_crational = num_exponent->is_crational();
                        if (!basis_is_crational || !exponent_is_crational) {
                                // return a plain float
-                               return (new numeric(num_basis->power(*num_exponent)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                                                                              status_flags::evaluated |
-                                                                                              status_flags::expanded);
+                               return dynallocate<numeric>(num_basis->power(*num_exponent));
                        }
 
                        const numeric res = num_basis->power(*num_exponent);
@@ -469,9 +468,9 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
                                                const numeric res_bnum = bnum.power(*num_exponent);
                                                const numeric res_bden = bden.power(*num_exponent);
                                                if (res_bnum.is_integer())
-                                                       return (new mul(power(bden,-*num_exponent),res_bnum))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | status_flags::evaluated);
+                                                       return dynallocate<mul>(dynallocate<power>(bden,-*num_exponent),res_bnum).setflag(status_flags::evaluated);
                                                if (res_bden.is_integer())
-                                                       return (new mul(power(bnum,*num_exponent),res_bden.inverse()))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | status_flags::evaluated);
+                                                       return dynallocate<mul>(dynallocate<power>(bnum,*num_exponent),res_bden.inverse()).setflag(status_flags::evaluated);
                                        }
                                        return this->hold();
                                } else {
@@ -495,8 +494,8 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
                        if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(sub_exponent)) {
                                const numeric & num_sub_exponent = ex_to<numeric>(sub_exponent);
                                GINAC_ASSERT(num_sub_exponent!=numeric(1));
-                               if (num_exponent->is_integer() || (abs(num_sub_exponent) - (*_num1_p)).is_negative() 
-                                               || (num_sub_exponent == *_num_1_p && num_exponent->is_positive())) {
+                               if (num_exponent->is_integer() || (abs(num_sub_exponent) - (*_num1_p)).is_negative() ||
+                                   (num_sub_exponent == *_num_1_p && num_exponent->is_positive())) {
                                        return power(sub_basis,num_sub_exponent.mul(*num_exponent));
                                }
                        }
@@ -520,18 +519,17 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
                        
                        if (canonicalizable && (icont != *_num1_p)) {
                                const add& addref = ex_to<add>(ebasis);
-                               add* addp = new add(addref);
-                               addp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-                               addp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
-                               addp->overall_coeff = ex_to<numeric>(addp->overall_coeff).div_dyn(icont);
-                               for (epvector::iterator i = addp->seq.begin(); i != addp->seq.end(); ++i)
-                                       i->coeff = ex_to<numeric>(i->coeff).div_dyn(icont);
+                               add & addp = dynallocate<add>(addref);
+                               addp.clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
+                               addp.overall_coeff = ex_to<numeric>(addp.overall_coeff).div_dyn(icont);
+                               for (auto & i : addp.seq)
+                                       i.coeff = ex_to<numeric>(i.coeff).div_dyn(icont);
 
                                const numeric c = icont.power(*num_exponent);
                                if (likely(c != *_num1_p))
-                                       return (new mul(power(*addp, *num_exponent), c))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+                                       return dynallocate<mul>(dynallocate<power>(addp, *num_exponent), c);
                                else
-                                       return power(*addp, *num_exponent);
+                                       return dynallocate<power>(addp, *num_exponent);
                        }
                }
 
@@ -544,23 +542,19 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
                                const numeric & num_coeff = ex_to<numeric>(mulref.overall_coeff);
                                if (num_coeff.is_real()) {
                                        if (num_coeff.is_positive()) {
-                                               mul *mulp = new mul(mulref);
-                                               mulp->overall_coeff = _ex1;
-                                               mulp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-                                               mulp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
-                                               mulp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
-                                               return (new mul(power(*mulp,exponent),
-                                                               power(num_coeff,*num_exponent)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+                                               mul & mulp = dynallocate<mul>(mulref);
+                                               mulp.overall_coeff = _ex1;
+                                               mulp.clearflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::hash_calculated);
+                                               return dynallocate<mul>(dynallocate<power>(mulp, exponent),
+                                                                       dynallocate<power>(num_coeff, *num_exponent));
                                        } else {
                                                GINAC_ASSERT(num_coeff.compare(*_num0_p)<0);
                                                if (!num_coeff.is_equal(*_num_1_p)) {
-                                                       mul *mulp = new mul(mulref);
-                                                       mulp->overall_coeff = _ex_1;
-                                                       mulp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-                                                       mulp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
-                                                       mulp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
-                                                       return (new mul(power(*mulp,exponent),
-                                                                       power(abs(num_coeff),*num_exponent)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+                                                       mul & mulp = dynallocate<mul>(mulref);
+                                                       mulp.overall_coeff = _ex_1;
+                                                       mulp.clearflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::hash_calculated);
+                                                       return dynallocate<mul>(dynallocate<power>(mulp, exponent),
+                                                                               dynallocate<power>(abs(num_coeff), *num_exponent));
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
@@ -571,7 +565,7 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
                if (num_exponent->is_pos_integer() &&
                    ebasis.return_type() != return_types::commutative &&
                    !is_a<matrix>(ebasis)) {
-                       return ncmul(exvector(num_exponent->to_int(), ebasis), true);
+                       return ncmul(exvector(num_exponent->to_int(), ebasis));
                }
        }
        
@@ -579,8 +573,7 @@ ex power::eval(int level) const
            are_ex_trivially_equal(eexponent,exponent)) {
                return this->hold();
        }
-       return (new power(ebasis, eexponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                                      status_flags::evaluated);
+       return dynallocate<power>(ebasis, eexponent).setflag(status_flags::evaluated);
 }
 
 ex power::evalf(int level) const
@@ -610,10 +603,10 @@ ex power::evalm() const
        const ex eexponent = exponent.evalm();
        if (is_a<matrix>(ebasis)) {
                if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(eexponent)) {
-                       return (new matrix(ex_to<matrix>(ebasis).pow(eexponent)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+                       return dynallocate<matrix>(ex_to<matrix>(ebasis).pow(eexponent));
                }
        }
-       return (new power(ebasis, eexponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return dynallocate<power>(ebasis, eexponent);
 }
 
 bool power::has(const ex & other, unsigned options) const
@@ -622,20 +615,18 @@ bool power::has(const ex & other, unsigned options) const
                return basic::has(other, options);
        if (!is_a<power>(other))
                return basic::has(other, options);
-       if (!exponent.info(info_flags::integer)
-                       || !other.op(1).info(info_flags::integer))
+       if (!exponent.info(info_flags::integer) ||
+           !other.op(1).info(info_flags::integer))
                return basic::has(other, options);
-       if (exponent.info(info_flags::posint)
-                       && other.op(1).info(info_flags::posint)
-                       && ex_to<numeric>(exponent).to_int()
-                                       > ex_to<numeric>(other.op(1)).to_int()
-                       && basis.match(other.op(0)))
+       if (exponent.info(info_flags::posint) &&
+           other.op(1).info(info_flags::posint) &&
+           ex_to<numeric>(exponent) > ex_to<numeric>(other.op(1)) &&
+           basis.match(other.op(0)))
                return true;
-       if (exponent.info(info_flags::negint)
-                       && other.op(1).info(info_flags::negint)
-                       && ex_to<numeric>(exponent).to_int()
-                                       < ex_to<numeric>(other.op(1)).to_int()
-                       && basis.match(other.op(0)))
+       if (exponent.info(info_flags::negint) &&
+           other.op(1).info(info_flags::negint) &&
+           ex_to<numeric>(exponent) < ex_to<numeric>(other.op(1)) &&
+           basis.match(other.op(0)))
                return true;
        return basic::has(other, options);
 }
@@ -655,12 +646,12 @@ ex power::subs(const exmap & m, unsigned options) const
        if (!(options & subs_options::algebraic))
                return subs_one_level(m, options);
 
-       for (exmap::const_iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); ++it) {
+       for (auto & it : m) {
                int nummatches = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
                exmap repls;
-               if (tryfactsubs(*this, it->first, nummatches, repls)) {
-                       ex anum = it->second.subs(repls, subs_options::no_pattern);
-                       ex aden = it->first.subs(repls, subs_options::no_pattern);
+               if (tryfactsubs(*this, it.first, nummatches, repls)) {
+                       ex anum = it.second.subs(repls, subs_options::no_pattern);
+                       ex aden = it.first.subs(repls, subs_options::no_pattern);
                        ex result = (*this)*power(anum/aden, nummatches);
                        return (ex_to<basic>(result)).subs_one_level(m, options);
                }
@@ -683,65 +674,85 @@ ex power::conjugate() const
                if (are_ex_trivially_equal(exponent, newexponent)) {
                        return *this;
                }
-               return (new power(basis, newexponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               return dynallocate<power>(basis, newexponent);
        }
        if (exponent.info(info_flags::integer)) {
                ex newbasis = basis.conjugate();
                if (are_ex_trivially_equal(basis, newbasis)) {
                        return *this;
                }
-               return (new power(newbasis, exponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               return dynallocate<power>(newbasis, exponent);
        }
        return conjugate_function(*this).hold();
 }
 
 ex power::real_part() const
 {
+       // basis == a+I*b, exponent == c+I*d
+       const ex a = basis.real_part();
+       const ex c = exponent.real_part();
+       if (basis.is_equal(a) && exponent.is_equal(c)) {
+               // Re(a^c)
+               return *this;
+       }
+
+       const ex b = basis.imag_part();
        if (exponent.info(info_flags::integer)) {
-               ex basis_real = basis.real_part();
-               if (basis_real == basis)
-                       return *this;
-               realsymbol a("a"),b("b");
-               ex result;
-               if (exponent.info(info_flags::posint))
-                       result = power(a+I*b,exponent);
-               else
-                       result = power(a/(a*a+b*b)-I*b/(a*a+b*b),-exponent);
-               result = result.expand();
-               result = result.real_part();
-               result = result.subs(lst( a==basis_real, b==basis.imag_part() ));
+               // Re((a+I*b)^c)  w/  c âˆˆ â„¤
+               long N = ex_to<numeric>(c).to_long();
+               // Use real terms in Binomial expansion to construct
+               // Re(expand(power(a+I*b, N))).
+               long NN = N > 0 ? N : -N;
+               ex numer = N > 0 ? _ex1 : power(power(a,2) + power(b,2), NN);
+               ex result = 0;
+               for (long n = 0; n <= NN; n += 2) {
+                       ex term = binomial(NN, n) * power(a, NN-n) * power(b, n) / numer;
+                       if (n % 4 == 0) {
+                               result += term;  // sign: I^n w/ n == 4*m
+                       } else {
+                               result -= term;  // sign: I^n w/ n == 4*m+2
+                       }
+               }
                return result;
        }
-       
-       ex a = basis.real_part();
-       ex b = basis.imag_part();
-       ex c = exponent.real_part();
-       ex d = exponent.imag_part();
+
+       // Re((a+I*b)^(c+I*d))
+       const ex d = exponent.imag_part();
        return power(abs(basis),c)*exp(-d*atan2(b,a))*cos(c*atan2(b,a)+d*log(abs(basis)));
 }
 
 ex power::imag_part() const
 {
+       const ex a = basis.real_part();
+       const ex c = exponent.real_part();
+       if (basis.is_equal(a) && exponent.is_equal(c)) {
+               // Im(a^c)
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       const ex b = basis.imag_part();
        if (exponent.info(info_flags::integer)) {
-               ex basis_real = basis.real_part();
-               if (basis_real == basis)
-                       return 0;
-               realsymbol a("a"),b("b");
-               ex result;
-               if (exponent.info(info_flags::posint))
-                       result = power(a+I*b,exponent);
-               else
-                       result = power(a/(a*a+b*b)-I*b/(a*a+b*b),-exponent);
-               result = result.expand();
-               result = result.imag_part();
-               result = result.subs(lst( a==basis_real, b==basis.imag_part() ));
+               // Im((a+I*b)^c)  w/  c âˆˆ â„¤
+               long N = ex_to<numeric>(c).to_long();
+               // Use imaginary terms in Binomial expansion to construct
+               // Im(expand(power(a+I*b, N))).
+               long p = N > 0 ? 1 : 3;  // modulus for positive sign
+               long NN = N > 0 ? N : -N;
+               ex numer = N > 0 ? _ex1 : power(power(a,2) + power(b,2), NN);
+               ex result = 0;
+               for (long n = 1; n <= NN; n += 2) {
+                       ex term = binomial(NN, n) * power(a, NN-n) * power(b, n) / numer;
+                       if (n % 4 == p) {
+                               result += term;  // sign: I^n w/ n == 4*m+p
+                       } else {
+                               result -= term;  // sign: I^n w/ n == 4*m+2+p
+                       }
+               }
                return result;
        }
-       
-       ex a=basis.real_part();
-       ex b=basis.imag_part();
-       ex c=exponent.real_part();
-       ex d=exponent.imag_part();
+
+       // Im((a+I*b)^(c+I*d))
+       const ex d = exponent.imag_part();
        return power(abs(basis),c)*exp(-d*atan2(b,a))*sin(c*atan2(b,a)+d*log(abs(basis)));
 }
 
@@ -757,7 +768,7 @@ ex power::derivative(const symbol & s) const
                newseq.reserve(2);
                newseq.push_back(expair(basis, exponent - _ex1));
                newseq.push_back(expair(basis.diff(s), _ex1));
-               return mul(newseq, exponent);
+               return mul(std::move(newseq), exponent);
        } else {
                // D(b^e) = b^e * (D(e)*ln(b) + e*D(b)/b)
                return mul(*this,
@@ -804,21 +815,18 @@ ex power::expand(unsigned options) const
                epvector powseq;
                prodseq.reserve(m.seq.size() + 1);
                powseq.reserve(m.seq.size() + 1);
-               epvector::const_iterator last = m.seq.end();
-               epvector::const_iterator cit = m.seq.begin();
                bool possign = true;
 
                // search for positive/negative factors
-               while (cit!=last) {
-                       ex e=m.recombine_pair_to_ex(*cit);
+               for (auto & cit : m.seq) {
+                       ex e=m.recombine_pair_to_ex(cit);
                        if (e.info(info_flags::positive))
                                prodseq.push_back(pow(e, exponent).expand(options));
                        else if (e.info(info_flags::negative)) {
                                prodseq.push_back(pow(-e, exponent).expand(options));
                                possign = !possign;
                        } else
-                               powseq.push_back(*cit);
-                       ++cit;
+                               powseq.push_back(cit);
                }
 
                // take care on the numeric coefficient
@@ -834,9 +842,9 @@ ex power::expand(unsigned options) const
                // In either case we set a flag to avoid the second run on a part
                // which does not have positive/negative terms.
                if (prodseq.size() > 0) {
-                       ex newbasis = coeff*mul(powseq);
+                       ex newbasis = coeff*mul(std::move(powseq));
                        ex_to<basic>(newbasis).setflag(status_flags::purely_indefinite);
-                       return ((new mul(prodseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated)*(new power(newbasis, exponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated).expand(options)).expand(options);
+                       return dynallocate<mul>(std::move(prodseq)) * pow(newbasis, exponent);
                } else
                        ex_to<basic>(basis).setflag(status_flags::purely_indefinite);
        }
@@ -849,17 +857,14 @@ ex power::expand(unsigned options) const
                const add &a = ex_to<add>(expanded_exponent);
                exvector distrseq;
                distrseq.reserve(a.seq.size() + 1);
-               epvector::const_iterator last = a.seq.end();
-               epvector::const_iterator cit = a.seq.begin();
-               while (cit!=last) {
-                       distrseq.push_back(power(expanded_basis, a.recombine_pair_to_ex(*cit)));
-                       ++cit;
+               for (auto & cit : a.seq) {
+                       distrseq.push_back(power(expanded_basis, a.recombine_pair_to_ex(cit)));
                }
                
                // Make sure that e.g. (x+y)^(2+a) expands the (x+y)^2 factor
                if (ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).is_integer()) {
                        const numeric &num_exponent = ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff);
-                       int int_exponent = num_exponent.to_int();
+                       long int_exponent = num_exponent.to_int();
                        if (int_exponent > 0 && is_exactly_a<add>(expanded_basis))
                                distrseq.push_back(expand_add(ex_to<add>(expanded_basis), int_exponent, options));
                        else
@@ -868,7 +873,7 @@ ex power::expand(unsigned options) const
                        distrseq.push_back(power(expanded_basis, a.overall_coeff));
                
                // Make sure that e.g. (x+y)^(1+a) -> x*(x+y)^a + y*(x+y)^a
-               ex r = (new mul(distrseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               ex r = dynallocate<mul>(distrseq);
                return r.expand(options);
        }
        
@@ -877,13 +882,13 @@ ex power::expand(unsigned options) const
                if (are_ex_trivially_equal(basis,expanded_basis) && are_ex_trivially_equal(exponent,expanded_exponent)) {
                        return this->hold();
                } else {
-                       return (new power(expanded_basis,expanded_exponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | (options == 0 ? status_flags::expanded : 0));
+                       return dynallocate<power>(expanded_basis, expanded_exponent).setflag(options == 0 ? status_flags::expanded : 0);
                }
        }
        
        // integer numeric exponent
        const numeric & num_exponent = ex_to<numeric>(expanded_exponent);
-       int int_exponent = num_exponent.to_int();
+       long int_exponent = num_exponent.to_long();
        
        // (x+y)^n, n>0
        if (int_exponent > 0 && is_exactly_a<add>(expanded_basis))
@@ -897,7 +902,7 @@ ex power::expand(unsigned options) const
        if (are_ex_trivially_equal(basis,expanded_basis) && are_ex_trivially_equal(exponent,expanded_exponent))
                return this->hold();
        else
-               return (new power(expanded_basis,expanded_exponent))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | (options == 0 ? status_flags::expanded : 0));
+               return dynallocate<power>(expanded_basis, expanded_exponent).setflag(options == 0 ? status_flags::expanded : 0);
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -1008,8 +1013,8 @@ private:
                element *head, *i, *after_i;
                // NB: Partition must be sorted in non-decreasing order.
                explicit coolmulti(const std::vector<int>& partition)
+                 : head(nullptr), i(nullptr), after_i(nullptr)
                {
-                       head = NULL;
                        for (unsigned n = 0; n < partition.size(); ++n) {
                                head = new element(partition[n], head);
                                if (n <= 1)
@@ -1024,7 +1029,7 @@ private:
                void next_permutation()
                {
                        element *before_k;
-                       if (after_i->next != NULL && i->value >= after_i->next->value)
+                       if (after_i->next != nullptr && i->value >= after_i->next->value)
                                before_k = after_i;
                        else
                                before_k = i;
@@ -1038,7 +1043,7 @@ private:
                }
                bool finished() const
                {
-                       return after_i->next == NULL && after_i->value >= head->value;
+                       return after_i->next == nullptr && after_i->value >= head->value;
                }
        } cmgen;
        bool atend;  // needed for simplifying iteration over permutations
@@ -1055,7 +1060,7 @@ public:
        {
                coolmulti::element* it = cmgen.head;
                size_t i = 0;
-               while (it != NULL) {
+               while (it != nullptr) {
                        composition[i] = it->value;
                        it = it->next;
                        ++i;
@@ -1079,23 +1084,22 @@ public:
  *  where n = p1+p2+...+pk, i.e. p is a partition of n.
  */
 const numeric
-multinomial_coefficient(const std::vector<int> p)
+multinomial_coefficient(const std::vector<int> p)
 {
        numeric n = 0, d = 1;
-       std::vector<int>::const_iterator it = p.begin(), itend = p.end();
-       while (it != itend) {
-               n += numeric(*it);
-               d *= factorial(numeric(*it));
-               ++it;
+       for (auto & it : p) {
+               n += numeric(it);
+               d *= factorial(numeric(it));
        }
        return factorial(numeric(n)) / d;
 }
 
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
+
 /** expand a^n where a is an add and n is a positive integer.
  *  @see power::expand */
-ex power::expand_add(const add & a, int n, unsigned options) const
+ex power::expand_add(const add & a, long n, unsigned options)
 {
        // The special case power(+(x,...y;x),2) can be optimized better.
        if (n==2)
@@ -1157,7 +1161,7 @@ ex power::expand_add(const add & a, int n, unsigned options) const
        // i.e. the number of unordered arrangements of m nonnegative integers
        // which sum up to n.  It is frequently written as C_n(m) and directly
        // related with binomial coefficients: binomial(n+m-1,m-1).
-       size_t result_size = binomial(numeric(n+a.nops()-1), numeric(a.nops()-1)).to_int();
+       size_t result_size = binomial(numeric(n+a.nops()-1), numeric(a.nops()-1)).to_long();
        if (!a.overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
                // the result's overall_coeff is one of the terms
                --result_size;
@@ -1186,18 +1190,19 @@ ex power::expand_add(const add & a, int n, unsigned options) const
                partition_generator partitions(k, a.seq.size());
                do {
                        const std::vector<int>& partition = partitions.current();
+                       // All monomials of this partition have the same number of terms and the same coefficient.
+                       const unsigned msize = std::count_if(partition.begin(), partition.end(), [](int i) { return i > 0; });
                        const numeric coeff = multinomial_coefficient(partition) * binomial_coefficient;
 
                        // Iterate over all compositions of the current partition.
                        composition_generator compositions(partition);
                        do {
                                const std::vector<int>& exponent = compositions.current();
-                               exvector term;
-                               term.reserve(n);
+                               epvector monomial;
+                               monomial.reserve(msize);
                                numeric factor = coeff;
                                for (unsigned i = 0; i < exponent.size(); ++i) {
                                        const ex & r = a.seq[i].rest;
-                                       const ex & c = a.seq[i].coeff;
                                        GINAC_ASSERT(!is_exactly_a<add>(r));
                                        GINAC_ASSERT(!is_exactly_a<power>(r) ||
                                                     !is_exactly_a<numeric>(ex_to<power>(r).exponent) ||
@@ -1205,41 +1210,47 @@ ex power::expand_add(const add & a, int n, unsigned options) const
                                                     !is_exactly_a<add>(ex_to<power>(r).basis) ||
                                                     !is_exactly_a<mul>(ex_to<power>(r).basis) ||
                                                     !is_exactly_a<power>(ex_to<power>(r).basis));
+                                       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(a.seq[i].coeff));
+                                       const numeric & c = ex_to<numeric>(a.seq[i].coeff);
                                        if (exponent[i] == 0) {
                                                // optimize away
                                        } else if (exponent[i] == 1) {
                                                // optimized
-                                               term.push_back(r);
-                                               factor = factor.mul(ex_to<numeric>(c));
+                                               monomial.push_back(expair(r, _ex1));
+                                               if (c != *_num1_p)
+                                                       factor = factor.mul(c);
                                        } else { // general case exponent[i] > 1
-                                               term.push_back((new power(r, exponent[i]))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
-                                               factor = factor.mul(ex_to<numeric>(c).power(exponent[i]));
+                                               monomial.push_back(expair(r, exponent[i]));
+                                               if (c != *_num1_p)
+                                                       factor = factor.mul(c.power(exponent[i]));
                                        }
                                }
-                               result.push_back(a.combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(mul(term).expand(options), factor));
+                               result.push_back(expair(mul(monomial).expand(options), factor));
                        } while (compositions.next());
                } while (partitions.next());
        }
 
        GINAC_ASSERT(result.size() == result_size);
-
        if (a.overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
-               return (new add(result))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                                 status_flags::expanded);
+               return dynallocate<add>(std::move(result)).setflag(status_flags::expanded);
        } else {
-               return (new add(result, ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).power(n)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                                                                           status_flags::expanded);
+               return dynallocate<add>(std::move(result), ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).power(n)).setflag(status_flags::expanded);
        }
 }
 
 
 /** Special case of power::expand_add. Expands a^2 where a is an add.
  *  @see power::expand_add */
-ex power::expand_add_2(const add & a, unsigned options) const
+ex power::expand_add_2(const add & a, unsigned options)
 {
-       epvector sum;
-       size_t a_nops = a.nops();
-       sum.reserve((a_nops*(a_nops+1))/2);
+       epvector result;
+       size_t result_size = (a.nops() * (a.nops()+1)) / 2;
+       if (!a.overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
+               // the result's overall_coeff is one of the terms
+               --result_size;
+       }
+       result.reserve(result_size);
+
        epvector::const_iterator last = a.seq.end();
 
        // power(+(x,...,z;c),2)=power(+(x,...,z;0),2)+2*c*+(x,...,z;0)+c*c
@@ -1258,50 +1269,48 @@ ex power::expand_add_2(const add & a, unsigned options) const
                
                if (c.is_equal(_ex1)) {
                        if (is_exactly_a<mul>(r)) {
-                               sum.push_back(a.combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(expand_mul(ex_to<mul>(r), *_num2_p, options, true),
-                                                                             _ex1));
+                               result.push_back(expair(expand_mul(ex_to<mul>(r), *_num2_p, options, true),
+                                                       _ex1));
                        } else {
-                               sum.push_back(a.combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((new power(r,_ex2))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),
-                                                                             _ex1));
+                               result.push_back(expair(dynallocate<power>(r, _ex2),
+                                                       _ex1));
                        }
                } else {
                        if (is_exactly_a<mul>(r)) {
-                               sum.push_back(a.combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(expand_mul(ex_to<mul>(r), *_num2_p, options, true),
-                                                    ex_to<numeric>(c).power_dyn(*_num2_p)));
+                               result.push_back(expair(expand_mul(ex_to<mul>(r), *_num2_p, options, true),
+                                                       ex_to<numeric>(c).power_dyn(*_num2_p)));
                        } else {
-                               sum.push_back(a.combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((new power(r,_ex2))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),
-                                                    ex_to<numeric>(c).power_dyn(*_num2_p)));
+                               result.push_back(expair(dynallocate<power>(r, _ex2),
+                                                       ex_to<numeric>(c).power_dyn(*_num2_p)));
                        }
                }
 
                for (epvector::const_iterator cit1=cit0+1; cit1!=last; ++cit1) {
                        const ex & r1 = cit1->rest;
                        const ex & c1 = cit1->coeff;
-                       sum.push_back(a.combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(mul(r,r1).expand(options),
-                                                                     _num2_p->mul(ex_to<numeric>(c)).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c1))));
+                       result.push_back(expair(mul(r,r1).expand(options),
+                                               _num2_p->mul(ex_to<numeric>(c)).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c1))));
                }
        }
        
-       GINAC_ASSERT(sum.size()==(a.seq.size()*(a.seq.size()+1))/2);
-       
        // second part: add terms coming from overall_coeff (if != 0)
        if (!a.overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
-               epvector::const_iterator i = a.seq.begin(), end = a.seq.end();
-               while (i != end) {
-                       sum.push_back(a.combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(*i, ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).mul_dyn(*_num2_p)));
-                       ++i;
-               }
-               sum.push_back(expair(ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).power_dyn(*_num2_p),_ex1));
+               for (auto & i : a.seq)
+                       result.push_back(a.combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(i, ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).mul_dyn(*_num2_p)));
+       }
+
+       GINAC_ASSERT(result.size() == result_size);
+
+       if (a.overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
+               return dynallocate<add>(std::move(result)).setflag(status_flags::expanded);
+       } else {
+               return dynallocate<add>(std::move(result), ex_to<numeric>(a.overall_coeff).power(2)).setflag(status_flags::expanded);
        }
-       
-       GINAC_ASSERT(sum.size()==(a_nops*(a_nops+1))/2);
-       
-       return (new add(sum))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | status_flags::expanded);
 }
 
 /** Expand factors of m in m^n where m is a mul and n is an integer.
  *  @see power::expand */
-ex power::expand_mul(const mul & m, const numeric & n, unsigned options, bool from_expand) const
+ex power::expand_mul(const mul & m, const numeric & n, unsigned options, bool from_expand)
 {
        GINAC_ASSERT(n.is_integer());
 
@@ -1310,12 +1319,12 @@ ex power::expand_mul(const mul & m, const numeric & n, unsigned options, bool fr
        }
 
        // do not bother to rename indices if there are no any.
-       if ((!(options & expand_options::expand_rename_idx)) 
-                       && m.info(info_flags::has_indices))
+       if (!(options & expand_options::expand_rename_idx) &&
+           m.info(info_flags::has_indices))
                options |= expand_options::expand_rename_idx;
        // Leave it to multiplication since dummy indices have to be renamed
        if ((options & expand_options::expand_rename_idx) &&
-               (get_all_dummy_indices(m).size() > 0) && n.is_positive()) {
+           (get_all_dummy_indices(m).size() > 0) && n.is_positive()) {
                ex result = m;
                exvector va = get_all_dummy_indices(m);
                sort(va.begin(), va.end(), ex_is_less());
@@ -1329,20 +1338,17 @@ ex power::expand_mul(const mul & m, const numeric & n, unsigned options, bool fr
        distrseq.reserve(m.seq.size());
        bool need_reexpand = false;
 
-       epvector::const_iterator last = m.seq.end();
-       epvector::const_iterator cit = m.seq.begin();
-       while (cit!=last) {
-               expair p = m.combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(*cit, n);
-               if (from_expand && is_exactly_a<add>(cit->rest) && ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).is_pos_integer()) {
+       for (auto & cit : m.seq) {
+               expair p = m.combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(cit, n);
+               if (from_expand && is_exactly_a<add>(cit.rest) && ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).is_pos_integer()) {
                        // this happens when e.g. (a+b)^(1/2) gets squared and
                        // the resulting product needs to be reexpanded
                        need_reexpand = true;
                }
                distrseq.push_back(p);
-               ++cit;
        }
 
-       const mul & result = static_cast<const mul &>((new mul(distrseq, ex_to<numeric>(m.overall_coeff).power_dyn(n)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
+       const mul & result = dynallocate<mul>(std::move(distrseq), ex_to<numeric>(m.overall_coeff).power_dyn(n));
        if (need_reexpand)
                return ex(result).expand(options);
        if (from_expand)