]> www.ginac.de Git - ginac.git/blobdiff - ginac/ncmul.cpp
- Changes to make it more ANSI-conformant. Stuff detected while trying
[ginac.git] / ginac / ncmul.cpp
index d7d97b957fa7d517abd10804c4bdb74e44df53c3..d8e7584bc723e248702a2336255d88a7393ecc5c 100644 (file)
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 #include "debugmsg.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
-#ifndef NO_GINAC_NAMESPACE
+#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 namespace GiNaC {
-#endif // ndef NO_GINAC_NAMESPACE
+#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(ncmul, exprseq)
 
@@ -46,42 +46,42 @@ GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(ncmul, exprseq)
 
 ncmul::ncmul()
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul default constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul default constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
 ncmul::~ncmul()
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul destructor",LOGLEVEL_DESTRUCT);
-    destroy(0);
+       debugmsg("ncmul destructor",LOGLEVEL_DESTRUCT);
+       destroy(false);
 }
 
-ncmul::ncmul(ncmul const & other)
+ncmul::ncmul(const ncmul & other)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul copy constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    copy(other);
+       debugmsg("ncmul copy constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       copy(other);
 }
 
-ncmul const & ncmul::operator=(ncmul const & other)
+const ncmul & ncmul::operator=(const ncmul & other)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul operator=",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
-    if (this != &other) {
-        destroy(1);
-        copy(other);
-    }
-    return *this;
+       debugmsg("ncmul operator=",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
+       if (this != &other) {
+               destroy(true);
+               copy(other);
+       }
+       return *this;
 }
 
 // protected
 
-void ncmul::copy(ncmul const & other)
+void ncmul::copy(const ncmul & other)
 {
-    inherited::copy(other);
+       inherited::copy(other);
 }
 
 void ncmul::destroy(bool call_parent)
 {
-    if (call_parent) inherited::destroy(call_parent);
+       if (call_parent) inherited::destroy(call_parent);
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -90,52 +90,49 @@ void ncmul::destroy(bool call_parent)
 
 // public
 
-ncmul::ncmul(ex const & lh, ex const & rh) :
-    inherited(lh,rh)
+ncmul::ncmul(const ex & lh, const ex & rh) : inherited(lh,rh)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from ex,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from ex,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
-ncmul::ncmul(ex const & f1, ex const & f2, ex const & f3) :
-    inherited(f1,f2,f3)
+ncmul::ncmul(const ex & f1, const ex & f2, const ex & f3) : inherited(f1,f2,f3)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 3 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 3 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
-ncmul::ncmul(ex const & f1, ex const & f2, ex const & f3,
-      ex const & f4) : inherited(f1,f2,f3,f4)
+ncmul::ncmul(const ex & f1, const ex & f2, const ex & f3,
+             const ex & f4) : inherited(f1,f2,f3,f4)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 4 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 4 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
-ncmul::ncmul(ex const & f1, ex const & f2, ex const & f3,
-      ex const & f4, ex const & f5) : inherited(f1,f2,f3,f4,f5)
+ncmul::ncmul(const ex & f1, const ex & f2, const ex & f3,
+             const ex & f4, const ex & f5) : inherited(f1,f2,f3,f4,f5)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 5 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 5 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
-ncmul::ncmul(ex const & f1, ex const & f2, ex const & f3,
-      ex const & f4, ex const & f5, ex const & f6) :
-    inherited(f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6)
+ncmul::ncmul(const ex & f1, const ex & f2, const ex & f3,
+             const ex & f4, const ex & f5, const ex & f6) : inherited(f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 6 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from 6 ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
-ncmul::ncmul(exvector const & v, bool discardable) : inherited(v,discardable)
+ncmul::ncmul(const exvector & v, bool discardable) : inherited(v,discardable)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from exvector,bool",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from exvector,bool",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
 ncmul::ncmul(exvector * vp) : inherited(vp)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from exvector *",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from exvector *",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_ncmul;
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -145,22 +142,22 @@ ncmul::ncmul(exvector * vp) : inherited(vp)
 /** Construct object from archive_node. */
 ncmul::ncmul(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul constructor from archive_node", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
+       debugmsg("ncmul constructor from archive_node", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
 }
 
 /** Unarchive the object. */
 ex ncmul::unarchive(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst)
 {
-    return (new ncmul(n, sym_lst))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return (new ncmul(n, sym_lst))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 /** Archive the object. */
 void ncmul::archive(archive_node &n) const
 {
-    inherited::archive(n);
+       inherited::archive(n);
 }
 
-    
+       
 //////////
 // functions overriding virtual functions from bases classes
 //////////
@@ -169,426 +166,430 @@ void ncmul::archive(archive_node &n) const
 
 basic * ncmul::duplicate() const
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul duplicate",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
-    return new ncmul(*this);
+       debugmsg("ncmul duplicate",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
+       return new ncmul(*this);
 }
 
-void ncmul::print(ostream & os, unsigned upper_precedence) const
+void ncmul::print(std::ostream & os, unsigned upper_precedence) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul print",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    printseq(os,'(','%',')',precedence,upper_precedence);
+       debugmsg("ncmul print",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+       printseq(os,'(','%',')',precedence,upper_precedence);
 }
 
-void ncmul::printraw(ostream & os) const
+void ncmul::printraw(std::ostream & os) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul printraw",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-
-    os << "%(";
-    for (exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-        (*it).bp->printraw(os);
-        os << ",";
-    }
-    os << ",hash=" << hashvalue << ",flags=" << flags;
-    os << ")";
+       debugmsg("ncmul printraw",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+       os << "%(";
+       for (exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
+               (*it).bp->printraw(os);
+               os << ",";
+       }
+       os << ",hash=" << hashvalue << ",flags=" << flags;
+       os << ")";
 }
 
-void ncmul::printcsrc(ostream & os, unsigned upper_precedence) const
+void ncmul::printcsrc(std::ostream & os, unsigned type, unsigned upper_precedence) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ncmul print csrc",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    exvector::const_iterator it;
-    exvector::const_iterator itend = seq.end()-1;
-    os << "ncmul(";
-    for (it=seq.begin(); it!=itend; ++it) {
-        (*it).bp->printcsrc(os,precedence);
-        os << ",";
-    }
-    (*it).bp->printcsrc(os,precedence);
-    os << ")";
+       debugmsg("ncmul print csrc",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+       exvector::const_iterator it;
+       exvector::const_iterator itend = seq.end()-1;
+       os << "ncmul(";
+       for (it=seq.begin(); it!=itend; ++it) {
+               (*it).bp->printcsrc(os,precedence);
+               os << ",";
+       }
+       (*it).bp->printcsrc(os,precedence);
+       os << ")";
 }
 
 bool ncmul::info(unsigned inf) const
 {
-    throw(std::logic_error("which flags have to be implemented in ncmul::info()?"));
+       throw(std::logic_error("which flags have to be implemented in ncmul::info()?"));
 }
 
-typedef vector<int> intvector;
+typedef std::vector<int> intvector;
 
 ex ncmul::expand(unsigned options) const
 {
-    exvector sub_expanded_seq;
-    intvector positions_of_adds;
-    intvector number_of_add_operands;
-
-    exvector expanded_seq=expandchildren(options);
-
-    positions_of_adds.resize(expanded_seq.size());
-    number_of_add_operands.resize(expanded_seq.size());
-
-    int number_of_adds=0;
-    int number_of_expanded_terms=1;
-
-    unsigned current_position=0;
-    exvector::const_iterator last=expanded_seq.end();
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=expanded_seq.begin(); cit!=last; ++cit) {
-        if (is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit),add)) {
-            positions_of_adds[number_of_adds]=current_position;
-            add const & expanded_addref=ex_to_add(*cit);
-            number_of_add_operands[number_of_adds]=expanded_addref.seq.size();
-            number_of_expanded_terms *= expanded_addref.seq.size();
-            number_of_adds++;
-        }
-        current_position++;
-    }
-
-    if (number_of_adds==0) {
-        return (new ncmul(expanded_seq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated ||
-                                                    status_flags::expanded);
-    }
-
-    exvector distrseq;
-    distrseq.reserve(number_of_expanded_terms);
-
-    intvector k;
-    k.resize(number_of_adds);
-    
-    int l;
-    for (l=0; l<number_of_adds; l++) {
-        k[l]=0;
-    }
-
-    while (1) {
-        exvector term;
-        term=expanded_seq;
-        for (l=0; l<number_of_adds; l++) {
-            GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(expanded_seq[positions_of_adds[l]],add));
-            add const & addref=ex_to_add(expanded_seq[positions_of_adds[l]]);
-            term[positions_of_adds[l]]=addref.recombine_pair_to_ex(addref.seq[k[l]]);
-        }
-        distrseq.push_back((new ncmul(term,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                                        status_flags::expanded));
-
-        // increment k[]
-        l=number_of_adds-1;
-        while ((l>=0)&&((++k[l])>=number_of_add_operands[l])) {
-            k[l]=0;    
-            l--;
-        }
-        if (l<0) break;
-    }
-
-    return (new add(distrseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                        status_flags::expanded);
-}
-
-int ncmul::degree(symbol const & s) const
-{
-    int deg_sum=0;
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        deg_sum+=(*cit).degree(s);
-    }
-    return deg_sum;
-}
-
-int ncmul::ldegree(symbol const & s) const
-{
-    int deg_sum=0;
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        deg_sum+=(*cit).ldegree(s);
-    }
-    return deg_sum;
-}
-
-ex ncmul::coeff(symbol const & s, int const n) const
-{
-    exvector coeffseq;
-    coeffseq.reserve(seq.size());
-
-    if (n==0) {
-        // product of individual coeffs
-        // if a non-zero power of s is found, the resulting product will be 0
-        exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin();
-        while (it!=seq.end()) {
-            coeffseq.push_back((*it).coeff(s,n));
-            ++it;
-        }
-        return (new ncmul(coeffseq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    }
-         
-    exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin();
-    bool coeff_found=0;
-    while (it!=seq.end()) {
-        ex c=(*it).coeff(s,n);
-        if (!c.is_zero()) {
-            coeffseq.push_back(c);
-            coeff_found=1;
-        } else {
-            coeffseq.push_back(*it);
-        }
-        ++it;
-    }
-
-    if (coeff_found) return (new ncmul(coeffseq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    
-    return _ex0();
-}
-
-unsigned ncmul::count_factors(ex const & e) const
-{
-    if ((is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)&&(e.return_type()!=return_types::commutative))||
-        (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,ncmul))) {
-        unsigned factors=0;
-        for (unsigned i=0; i<e.nops(); i++)
-            factors += count_factors(e.op(i));
-        
-        return factors;
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-        
-void ncmul::append_factors(exvector & v, ex const & e) const
-{
-    if ((is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)&&(e.return_type()!=return_types::commutative))||
-        (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,ncmul))) {
-        for (unsigned i=0; i<e.nops(); i++)
-            append_factors(v,e.op(i));
-        
-        return;
-    }
-    v.push_back(e);
-}
-
-typedef vector<unsigned> unsignedvector;
-typedef vector<exvector> exvectorvector;
+       exvector sub_expanded_seq;
+       intvector positions_of_adds;
+       intvector number_of_add_operands;
+
+       exvector expanded_seq=expandchildren(options);
+
+       positions_of_adds.resize(expanded_seq.size());
+       number_of_add_operands.resize(expanded_seq.size());
+
+       int number_of_adds=0;
+       int number_of_expanded_terms=1;
+
+       unsigned current_position=0;
+       exvector::const_iterator last=expanded_seq.end();
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=expanded_seq.begin(); cit!=last; ++cit) {
+               if (is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit),add)) {
+                       positions_of_adds[number_of_adds]=current_position;
+                       const add & expanded_addref=ex_to_add(*cit);
+                       number_of_add_operands[number_of_adds]=expanded_addref.seq.size();
+                       number_of_expanded_terms *= expanded_addref.seq.size();
+                       number_of_adds++;
+               }
+               current_position++;
+       }
+
+       if (number_of_adds==0) {
+               return (new ncmul(expanded_seq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated ||
+                                                                                                       status_flags::expanded);
+       }
+
+       exvector distrseq;
+       distrseq.reserve(number_of_expanded_terms);
+
+       intvector k;
+       k.resize(number_of_adds);
+       
+       int l;
+       for (l=0; l<number_of_adds; l++) {
+               k[l]=0;
+       }
+
+       while (1) {
+               exvector term;
+               term=expanded_seq;
+               for (l=0; l<number_of_adds; l++) {
+                       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(expanded_seq[positions_of_adds[l]],add));
+                       const add & addref=ex_to_add(expanded_seq[positions_of_adds[l]]);
+                       term[positions_of_adds[l]]=addref.recombine_pair_to_ex(addref.seq[k[l]]);
+               }
+               distrseq.push_back((new ncmul(term,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
+                                                                                                               status_flags::expanded));
+
+               // increment k[]
+               l=number_of_adds-1;
+               while ((l>=0)&&((++k[l])>=number_of_add_operands[l])) {
+                       k[l]=0;    
+                       l--;
+               }
+               if (l<0) break;
+       }
+
+       return (new add(distrseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
+                                                                               status_flags::expanded);
+}
+
+int ncmul::degree(const symbol & s) const
+{
+       int deg_sum=0;
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
+               deg_sum+=(*cit).degree(s);
+       }
+       return deg_sum;
+}
+
+int ncmul::ldegree(const symbol & s) const
+{
+       int deg_sum=0;
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
+               deg_sum+=(*cit).ldegree(s);
+       }
+       return deg_sum;
+}
+
+ex ncmul::coeff(const symbol & s, int n) const
+{
+       exvector coeffseq;
+       coeffseq.reserve(seq.size());
+
+       if (n==0) {
+               // product of individual coeffs
+               // if a non-zero power of s is found, the resulting product will be 0
+               exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin();
+               while (it!=seq.end()) {
+                       coeffseq.push_back((*it).coeff(s,n));
+                       ++it;
+               }
+               return (new ncmul(coeffseq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       }
+                
+       exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin();
+       bool coeff_found=0;
+       while (it!=seq.end()) {
+               ex c=(*it).coeff(s,n);
+               if (!c.is_zero()) {
+                       coeffseq.push_back(c);
+                       coeff_found=1;
+               } else {
+                       coeffseq.push_back(*it);
+               }
+               ++it;
+       }
+
+       if (coeff_found) return (new ncmul(coeffseq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       
+       return _ex0();
+}
+
+unsigned ncmul::count_factors(const ex & e) const
+{
+       if ((is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)&&(e.return_type()!=return_types::commutative))||
+               (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,ncmul))) {
+               unsigned factors=0;
+               for (unsigned i=0; i<e.nops(); i++)
+                       factors += count_factors(e.op(i));
+               
+               return factors;
+       }
+       return 1;
+}
+               
+void ncmul::append_factors(exvector & v, const ex & e) const
+{
+       if ((is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)&&(e.return_type()!=return_types::commutative))||
+               (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,ncmul))) {
+               for (unsigned i=0; i<e.nops(); i++)
+                       append_factors(v,e.op(i));
+               
+               return;
+       }
+       v.push_back(e);
+}
+
+typedef std::vector<unsigned> unsignedvector;
+typedef std::vector<exvector> exvectorvector;
 
 ex ncmul::eval(int level) const
 {
-    // simplifications: ncmul(...,*(x1,x2),...,ncmul(x3,x4),...) ->
-    //                      ncmul(...,x1,x2,...,x3,x4,...) (associativity)
-    //                  ncmul(x) -> x
-    //                  ncmul() -> 1
-    //                  ncmul(...,c1,...,c2,...) ->
-    //                      *(c1,c2,ncmul(...)) (pull out commutative elements)
-    //                  ncmul(x1,y1,x2,y2) -> *(ncmul(x1,x2),ncmul(y1,y2))
-    //                      (collect elements of same type)
-    //                  ncmul(x1,x2,x3,...) -> x::eval_ncmul(x1,x2,x3,...)
-    // the following rule would be nice, but produces a recursion,
-    // which must be trapped by introducing a flag that the sub-ncmuls()
-    // are already evaluated (maybe later...)
-    //                  ncmul(x1,x2,...,X,y1,y2,...) ->
-    //                      ncmul(ncmul(x1,x2,...),X,ncmul(y1,y2,...)
-    //                      (X noncommutative_composite)
-
-    if ((level==1)&&(flags & status_flags::evaluated)) {
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    exvector evaledseq=evalchildren(level);
-
-    // ncmul(...,*(x1,x2),...,ncmul(x3,x4),...) ->
-    //     ncmul(...,x1,x2,...,x3,x4,...) (associativity)
-    unsigned factors=0;
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=evaledseq.begin(); cit!=evaledseq.end(); ++cit) {
-        factors += count_factors(*cit);
-    }
-
-    exvector assocseq;
-    assocseq.reserve(factors);
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=evaledseq.begin(); cit!=evaledseq.end(); ++cit) {
-        append_factors(assocseq,*cit);
-    }
-
-    // ncmul(x) -> x
-    if (assocseq.size()==1) return *(seq.begin());
-
-    // ncmul() -> 1
-    if (assocseq.size()==0) return _ex1();
-
-    // determine return types
-    unsignedvector rettypes;
-    rettypes.reserve(assocseq.size());
-    unsigned i=0;
-    unsigned count_commutative=0;
-    unsigned count_noncommutative=0;
-    unsigned count_noncommutative_composite=0;
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=assocseq.begin(); cit!=assocseq.end(); ++cit) {
-        switch (rettypes[i]=(*cit).return_type()) {
-        case return_types::commutative:
-            count_commutative++;
-            break;
-        case return_types::noncommutative:
-            count_noncommutative++;
-            break;
-        case return_types::noncommutative_composite:
-            count_noncommutative_composite++;
-            break;
-        default:
-            throw(std::logic_error("ncmul::eval(): invalid return type"));
-        }
-        ++i;
-    }
-    GINAC_ASSERT(count_commutative+count_noncommutative+count_noncommutative_composite==assocseq.size());
-
-    // ncmul(...,c1,...,c2,...) ->
-    //     *(c1,c2,ncmul(...)) (pull out commutative elements)
-    if (count_commutative!=0) {
-        exvector commutativeseq;
-        commutativeseq.reserve(count_commutative+1);
-        exvector noncommutativeseq;
-        noncommutativeseq.reserve(assocseq.size()-count_commutative);
-        for (i=0; i<assocseq.size(); ++i) {
-            if (rettypes[i]==return_types::commutative) {
-                commutativeseq.push_back(assocseq[i]);
-            } else {
-                noncommutativeseq.push_back(assocseq[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        commutativeseq.push_back((new ncmul(noncommutativeseq,1))->
-                                  setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
-        return (new mul(commutativeseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    }
-        
-    // ncmul(x1,y1,x2,y2) -> *(ncmul(x1,x2),ncmul(y1,y2))
-    //     (collect elements of same type)
-
-    if (count_noncommutative_composite==0) {
-        // there are neither commutative nor noncommutative_composite
-        // elements in assocseq
-        GINAC_ASSERT(count_commutative==0);
-
-        exvectorvector evv;
-        unsignedvector rttinfos;
-        evv.reserve(assocseq.size());
-        rttinfos.reserve(assocseq.size());
-
-        for (exvector::const_iterator cit=assocseq.begin(); cit!=assocseq.end(); ++cit) {
-            unsigned ti=(*cit).return_type_tinfo();
-            // search type in vector of known types
-            for (i=0; i<rttinfos.size(); ++i) {
-                if (ti==rttinfos[i]) {
-                    evv[i].push_back(*cit);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (i>=rttinfos.size()) {
-                // new type
-                rttinfos.push_back(ti);
-                evv.push_back(exvector());
-                (*(evv.end()-1)).reserve(assocseq.size());
-                (*(evv.end()-1)).push_back(*cit);
-            }
-        }
+       // simplifications: ncmul(...,*(x1,x2),...,ncmul(x3,x4),...) ->
+       //                      ncmul(...,x1,x2,...,x3,x4,...) (associativity)
+       //                  ncmul(x) -> x
+       //                  ncmul() -> 1
+       //                  ncmul(...,c1,...,c2,...)
+       //                      *(c1,c2,ncmul(...)) (pull out commutative elements)
+       //                  ncmul(x1,y1,x2,y2) -> *(ncmul(x1,x2),ncmul(y1,y2))
+       //                      (collect elements of same type)
+       //                  ncmul(x1,x2,x3,...) -> x::eval_ncmul(x1,x2,x3,...)
+       // the following rule would be nice, but produces a recursion,
+       // which must be trapped by introducing a flag that the sub-ncmuls()
+       // are already evaluated (maybe later...)
+       //                  ncmul(x1,x2,...,X,y1,y2,...) ->
+       //                      ncmul(ncmul(x1,x2,...),X,ncmul(y1,y2,...)
+       //                      (X noncommutative_composite)
+
+       if ((level==1)&&(flags & status_flags::evaluated)) {
+               return *this;
+       }
+
+       exvector evaledseq=evalchildren(level);
+
+       // ncmul(...,*(x1,x2),...,ncmul(x3,x4),...) ->
+       //     ncmul(...,x1,x2,...,x3,x4,...) (associativity)
+       unsigned factors=0;
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=evaledseq.begin(); cit!=evaledseq.end(); ++cit) {
+               factors += count_factors(*cit);
+       }
+
+       exvector assocseq;
+       assocseq.reserve(factors);
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=evaledseq.begin(); cit!=evaledseq.end(); ++cit) {
+               append_factors(assocseq,*cit);
+       }
+
+       // ncmul(x) -> x
+       if (assocseq.size()==1) return *(seq.begin());
+
+       // ncmul() -> 1
+       if (assocseq.size()==0) return _ex1();
+
+       // determine return types
+       unsignedvector rettypes;
+       rettypes.reserve(assocseq.size());
+       unsigned i=0;
+       unsigned count_commutative=0;
+       unsigned count_noncommutative=0;
+       unsigned count_noncommutative_composite=0;
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=assocseq.begin(); cit!=assocseq.end(); ++cit) {
+               switch (rettypes[i]=(*cit).return_type()) {
+               case return_types::commutative:
+                       count_commutative++;
+                       break;
+               case return_types::noncommutative:
+                       count_noncommutative++;
+                       break;
+               case return_types::noncommutative_composite:
+                       count_noncommutative_composite++;
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       throw(std::logic_error("ncmul::eval(): invalid return type"));
+               }
+               ++i;
+       }
+       GINAC_ASSERT(count_commutative+count_noncommutative+count_noncommutative_composite==assocseq.size());
+
+       // ncmul(...,c1,...,c2,...) ->
+       //     *(c1,c2,ncmul(...)) (pull out commutative elements)
+       if (count_commutative!=0) {
+               exvector commutativeseq;
+               commutativeseq.reserve(count_commutative+1);
+               exvector noncommutativeseq;
+               noncommutativeseq.reserve(assocseq.size()-count_commutative);
+               for (i=0; i<assocseq.size(); ++i) {
+                       if (rettypes[i]==return_types::commutative) {
+                               commutativeseq.push_back(assocseq[i]);
+                       } else {
+                               noncommutativeseq.push_back(assocseq[i]);
+                       }
+               }
+               commutativeseq.push_back((new ncmul(noncommutativeseq,1))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
+               return (new mul(commutativeseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       }
+               
+       // ncmul(x1,y1,x2,y2) -> *(ncmul(x1,x2),ncmul(y1,y2))
+       //     (collect elements of same type)
+
+       if (count_noncommutative_composite==0) {
+               // there are neither commutative nor noncommutative_composite
+               // elements in assocseq
+               GINAC_ASSERT(count_commutative==0);
+
+               exvectorvector evv;
+               unsignedvector rttinfos;
+               evv.reserve(assocseq.size());
+               rttinfos.reserve(assocseq.size());
+
+               for (exvector::const_iterator cit=assocseq.begin(); cit!=assocseq.end(); ++cit) {
+                       unsigned ti=(*cit).return_type_tinfo();
+                       // search type in vector of known types
+                       for (i=0; i<rttinfos.size(); ++i) {
+                               if (ti==rttinfos[i]) {
+                                       evv[i].push_back(*cit);
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if (i>=rttinfos.size()) {
+                               // new type
+                               rttinfos.push_back(ti);
+                               evv.push_back(exvector());
+                               (*(evv.end()-1)).reserve(assocseq.size());
+                               (*(evv.end()-1)).push_back(*cit);
+                       }
+               }
 
 #ifdef DO_GINAC_ASSERT
-        GINAC_ASSERT(evv.size()==rttinfos.size());
-        GINAC_ASSERT(evv.size()>0);
-        unsigned s=0;
-        for (i=0; i<evv.size(); ++i) {
-            s += evv[i].size();
-        }
-        GINAC_ASSERT(s==assocseq.size());
+               GINAC_ASSERT(evv.size()==rttinfos.size());
+               GINAC_ASSERT(evv.size()>0);
+               unsigned s=0;
+               for (i=0; i<evv.size(); ++i) {
+                       s += evv[i].size();
+               }
+               GINAC_ASSERT(s==assocseq.size());
 #endif // def DO_GINAC_ASSERT
-        
-        // if all elements are of same type, simplify the string
-        if (evv.size()==1) {
-            return evv[0][0].simplify_ncmul(evv[0]);
-        }
-        
-        exvector splitseq;
-        splitseq.reserve(evv.size());
-        for (i=0; i<evv.size(); ++i) {
-            splitseq.push_back((new ncmul(evv[i]))->
-                               setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
-        }
-
-        return (new mul(splitseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    }
-    
-    return (new ncmul(assocseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                          status_flags::evaluated);
+               
+               // if all elements are of same type, simplify the string
+               if (evv.size()==1) {
+                       return evv[0][0].simplify_ncmul(evv[0]);
+               }
+               
+               exvector splitseq;
+               splitseq.reserve(evv.size());
+               for (i=0; i<evv.size(); ++i) {
+                       splitseq.push_back((new ncmul(evv[i]))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
+               }
+
+               return (new mul(splitseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       }
+       
+       return (new ncmul(assocseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
+                                                                                 status_flags::evaluated);
 }
 
 exvector ncmul::get_indices(void) const
 {
-    // return union of indices of factors
-    exvector iv;
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        exvector subiv=(*cit).get_indices();
-        iv.reserve(iv.size()+subiv.size());
-        for (exvector::const_iterator cit2=subiv.begin(); cit2!=subiv.end(); ++cit2) {
-            iv.push_back(*cit2);
-        }
-    }
-    return iv;
+       // return union of indices of factors
+       exvector iv;
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
+               exvector subiv=(*cit).get_indices();
+               iv.reserve(iv.size()+subiv.size());
+               for (exvector::const_iterator cit2=subiv.begin(); cit2!=subiv.end(); ++cit2) {
+                       iv.push_back(*cit2);
+               }
+       }
+       return iv;
 }
 
-ex ncmul::subs(lst const & ls, lst const & lr) const
+ex ncmul::subs(const lst & ls, const lst & lr) const
 {
-    return ncmul(subschildren(ls, lr));
+       return ncmul(subschildren(ls, lr));
 }
 
-ex ncmul::thisexprseq(exvector const & v) const
+ex ncmul::thisexprseq(const exvector & v) const
 {
-    return (new ncmul(v))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return (new ncmul(v))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 ex ncmul::thisexprseq(exvector * vp) const
 {
-    return (new ncmul(vp))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return (new ncmul(vp))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 // protected
 
-int ncmul::compare_same_type(basic const & other) const
+/** Implementation of ex::diff() for a non-commutative product. It always returns 0.
+ *  @see ex::diff */
+ex ncmul::derivative(const symbol & s) const
+{
+       return _ex0();
+}
+
+int ncmul::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
 {
-    return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
+       return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
 }
 
 unsigned ncmul::return_type(void) const
 {
-    if (seq.size()==0) {
-        // ncmul without factors: should not happen, but commutes
-        return return_types::commutative;
-    }
-
-    bool all_commutative=1;
-    unsigned rt;
-    exvector::const_iterator cit_noncommutative_element; // point to first found nc element
-
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        rt=(*cit).return_type();
-        if (rt==return_types::noncommutative_composite) return rt; // one ncc -> mul also ncc
-        if ((rt==return_types::noncommutative)&&(all_commutative)) {
-            // first nc element found, remember position
-            cit_noncommutative_element=cit;
-            all_commutative=0;
-        }
-        if ((rt==return_types::noncommutative)&&(!all_commutative)) {
-           // another nc element found, compare type_infos
-            if ((*cit_noncommutative_element).return_type_tinfo()!=(*cit).return_type_tinfo()) {
-               // diffent types -> mul is ncc
-               return return_types::noncommutative_composite;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // all factors checked
-    GINAC_ASSERT(!all_commutative); // not all factors should commute, because this is a ncmul();
-    return all_commutative ? return_types::commutative : return_types::noncommutative;
+       if (seq.size()==0) {
+               // ncmul without factors: should not happen, but commutes
+               return return_types::commutative;
+       }
+
+       bool all_commutative=1;
+       unsigned rt;
+       exvector::const_iterator cit_noncommutative_element; // point to first found nc element
+
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
+               rt=(*cit).return_type();
+               if (rt==return_types::noncommutative_composite) return rt; // one ncc -> mul also ncc
+               if ((rt==return_types::noncommutative)&&(all_commutative)) {
+                       // first nc element found, remember position
+                       cit_noncommutative_element=cit;
+                       all_commutative=0;
+               }
+               if ((rt==return_types::noncommutative)&&(!all_commutative)) {
+                       // another nc element found, compare type_infos
+                       if ((*cit_noncommutative_element).return_type_tinfo()!=(*cit).return_type_tinfo()) {
+                               // diffent types -> mul is ncc
+                               return return_types::noncommutative_composite;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       // all factors checked
+       GINAC_ASSERT(!all_commutative); // not all factors should commute, because this is a ncmul();
+       return all_commutative ? return_types::commutative : return_types::noncommutative;
 }
    
 unsigned ncmul::return_type_tinfo(void) const
 {
-    if (seq.size()==0) {
-        // mul without factors: should not happen
-        return tinfo_key;
-    }
-    // return type_info of first noncommutative element
-    for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        if ((*cit).return_type()==return_types::noncommutative) {
-            return (*cit).return_type_tinfo();
-        }
-    }
-    // no noncommutative element found, should not happen
-    return tinfo_key;
+       if (seq.size()==0) {
+               // mul without factors: should not happen
+               return tinfo_key;
+       }
+       // return type_info of first noncommutative element
+       for (exvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
+               if ((*cit).return_type()==return_types::noncommutative) {
+                       return (*cit).return_type_tinfo();
+               }
+       }
+       // no noncommutative element found, should not happen
+       return tinfo_key;
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -603,18 +604,18 @@ unsigned ncmul::return_type_tinfo(void) const
 
 exvector ncmul::expandchildren(unsigned options) const
 {
-    exvector s;
-    s.reserve(seq.size());
+       exvector s;
+       s.reserve(seq.size());
 
-    for (exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-        s.push_back((*it).expand(options));
-    }
-    return s;
+       for (exvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
+               s.push_back((*it).expand(options));
+       }
+       return s;
 }
 
-exvector const & ncmul::get_factors(void) const
+const exvector & ncmul::get_factors(void) const
 {
-    return seq;
+       return seq;
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -631,28 +632,28 @@ unsigned ncmul::precedence=50;
 //////////
 
 const ncmul some_ncmul;
-type_info const & typeid_ncmul=typeid(some_ncmul);
+const type_info & typeid_ncmul=typeid(some_ncmul);
 
 //////////
 // friend functions
 //////////
 
-ex nonsimplified_ncmul(exvector const & v)
+ex nonsimplified_ncmul(const exvector & v)
 {
-    return (new ncmul(v))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return (new ncmul(v))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
-ex simplified_ncmul(exvector const & v)
+ex simplified_ncmul(const exvector & v)
 {
-    if (v.size()==0) {
-        return _ex1();
-    } else if (v.size()==1) {
-        return v[0];
-    }
-    return (new ncmul(v))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
-                                   status_flags::evaluated);
+       if (v.size()==0) {
+               return _ex1();
+       } else if (v.size()==1) {
+               return v[0];
+       }
+       return (new ncmul(v))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated |
+                                      status_flags::evaluated);
 }
 
-#ifndef NO_GINAC_NAMESPACE
+#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 } // namespace GiNaC
-#endif // ndef NO_GINAC_NAMESPACE
+#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC