]> www.ginac.de Git - ginac.git/blobdiff - ginac/expairseq.cpp
Fixed a bug in the code for subsitutions in indexed expressions.
[ginac.git] / ginac / expairseq.cpp
index b6a0f372adb8e762abb4d7ff541b53b54b6d6ddb..7c6e5223653889730407aa0fd5a246417cc06f6d 100644 (file)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *  Implementation of sequences of expression pairs. */
 
 /*
- *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
+ *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2011 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
  *
  *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  *
  *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  *  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
- *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+ *  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
  */
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <string>
-#include <stdexcept>
-
 #include "expairseq.h"
 #include "lst.h"
-#include "print.h"
+#include "add.h"
+#include "mul.h"
+#include "power.h"
+#include "relational.h"
+#include "wildcard.h"
 #include "archive.h"
-#include "debugmsg.h"
+#include "operators.h"
 #include "utils.h"
+#include "hash_seed.h"
+#include "indexed.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
 #include <cmath>
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
 
 namespace GiNaC {
 
-GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS_NO_CTORS(expairseq, basic)
+       
+GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS_OPT(expairseq, basic,
+  print_func<print_context>(&expairseq::do_print).
+  print_func<print_tree>(&expairseq::do_print_tree))
+
 
 //////////
 // helper classes
@@ -53,33 +64,23 @@ public:
 };
 
 //////////
-// default ctor, dtor, copy ctor assignment operator and helpers
+// default constructor
 //////////
 
 // public
 
-expairseq::expairseq(const expairseq &other)
-{
-       debugmsg("expairseq copy ctor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       copy(other);
-}
-
-const expairseq &expairseq::operator=(const expairseq &other)
-{
-       debugmsg("expairseq operator=",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
-       if (this != &other) {
-               destroy(true);
-               copy(other);
-       }
-       return *this;
-}
+expairseq::expairseq() 
+#if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
+       : hashtabsize(0)
+#endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
+{}
 
 // protected
 
+#if 0
 /** For use by copy ctor and assignment operator. */
 void expairseq::copy(const expairseq &other)
 {
-       inherited::copy(other);
        seq = other.seq;
        overall_coeff = other.overall_coeff;
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
@@ -101,42 +102,38 @@ void expairseq::copy(const expairseq &other)
        }
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
 }
-
-DEFAULT_DESTROY(expairseq)
+#endif
 
 //////////
-// other ctors
+// other constructors
 //////////
 
-expairseq::expairseq(const ex &lh, const ex &rh) : inherited(TINFO_expairseq)
+expairseq::expairseq(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq ctor from ex,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
        construct_from_2_ex(lh,rh);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
-expairseq::expairseq(const exvector &v) : inherited(TINFO_expairseq)
+expairseq::expairseq(const exvector &v)
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq ctor from exvector",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
        construct_from_exvector(v);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
-expairseq::expairseq(const epvector &v, const ex &oc)
-  : inherited(TINFO_expairseq), overall_coeff(oc)
+expairseq::expairseq(const epvector &v, const ex &oc, bool do_index_renaming)
+  :  overall_coeff(oc)
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq ctor from epvector,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       construct_from_epvector(v);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<numeric>(oc));
+       construct_from_epvector(v, do_index_renaming);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
-expairseq::expairseq(epvector *vp, const ex &oc)
-  : inherited(TINFO_expairseq), overall_coeff(oc)
+expairseq::expairseq(std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp, const ex &oc, bool do_index_renaming)
+  :  overall_coeff(oc)
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq ctor from epvector *,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       GINAC_ASSERT(vp!=0);
-       construct_from_epvector(*vp);
-       delete vp;
+       GINAC_ASSERT(vp.get()!=0);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<numeric>(oc));
+       construct_from_epvector(*vp, do_index_renaming);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
@@ -144,21 +141,26 @@ expairseq::expairseq(epvector *vp, const ex &oc)
 // archiving
 //////////
 
-expairseq::expairseq(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
-#if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-       , hashtabsize(0)
-#endif
+void expairseq::read_archive(const archive_node &n, lst &sym_lst) 
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq ctor from archive_node", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       for (unsigned int i=0; true; i++) {
+       inherited::read_archive(n, sym_lst);
+       archive_node::archive_node_cit first = n.find_first("rest");
+       archive_node::archive_node_cit last = n.find_last("coeff");
+       ++last;
+       seq.reserve((last-first)/2);
+
+       for (archive_node::archive_node_cit loc = first; loc < last;) {
                ex rest;
                ex coeff;
-               if (n.find_ex("rest", rest, sym_lst, i) && n.find_ex("coeff", coeff, sym_lst, i))
-                       seq.push_back(expair(rest, coeff));
-               else
-                       break;
+               n.find_ex_by_loc(loc++, rest, sym_lst);
+               n.find_ex_by_loc(loc++, coeff, sym_lst);
+               seq.push_back(expair(rest, coeff));
        }
+
        n.find_ex("overall_coeff", overall_coeff, sym_lst);
+
+       canonicalize();
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
 void expairseq::archive(archive_node &n) const
@@ -173,111 +175,120 @@ void expairseq::archive(archive_node &n) const
        n.add_ex("overall_coeff", overall_coeff);
 }
 
-DEFAULT_UNARCHIVE(expairseq)
 
 //////////
-// functions overriding virtual functions from bases classes
+// functions overriding virtual functions from base classes
 //////////
 
 // public
 
-basic *expairseq::duplicate() const
+void expairseq::do_print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq duplicate",LOGLEVEL_DUPLICATE);
-       return new expairseq(*this);
+       c.s << "[[";
+       printseq(c, ',', precedence(), level);
+       c.s << "]]";
 }
 
-void expairseq::print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
+void expairseq::do_print_tree(const print_tree & c, unsigned level) const
 {
-       debugmsg("expairseq print",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-
-       if (is_of_type(c, print_tree)) {
-
-               unsigned delta_indent = static_cast<const print_tree &>(c).delta_indent;
-
-               c.s << std::string(level, ' ') << class_name()
-                   << std::hex << ", hash=0x" << hashvalue << ", flags=0x" << flags << std::dec
-                   << ", nops=" << nops()
-                   << std::endl;
-               for (unsigned i=0; i<seq.size(); ++i) {
-                       seq[i].rest.print(c, level + delta_indent);
-                       seq[i].coeff.print(c, level + delta_indent);
-                       if (i != seq.size()-1)
-                               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "-----" << std::endl;
-               }
-               if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(default_overall_coeff())) {
-                       c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "-----" << std::endl
-                           << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "overall_coeff" << std::endl;
-                       overall_coeff.print(c, level + delta_indent);
-               }
-               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent,' ') << "=====" << std::endl;
+       c.s << std::string(level, ' ') << class_name() << " @" << this
+           << std::hex << ", hash=0x" << hashvalue << ", flags=0x" << flags << std::dec
+           << ", nops=" << nops()
+           << std::endl;
+       size_t num = seq.size();
+       for (size_t i=0; i<num; ++i) {
+               seq[i].rest.print(c, level + c.delta_indent);
+               seq[i].coeff.print(c, level + c.delta_indent);
+               if (i != num - 1)
+                       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "-----" << std::endl;
+       }
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(default_overall_coeff())) {
+               c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "-----" << std::endl
+                   << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "overall_coeff" << std::endl;
+               overall_coeff.print(c, level + c.delta_indent);
+       }
+       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent,' ') << "=====" << std::endl;
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent,' ')
-                   << "hashtab size " << hashtabsize << std::endl;
-               if (hashtabsize == 0) return;
+       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent,' ')
+           << "hashtab size " << hashtabsize << std::endl;
+       if (hashtabsize == 0) return;
 #define MAXCOUNT 5
-               unsigned count[MAXCOUNT+1];
-               for (int i=0; i<MAXCOUNT+1; ++i)
-                       count[i] = 0;
-               unsigned this_bin_fill;
-               unsigned cum_fill_sq = 0;
-               unsigned cum_fill = 0;
-               for (unsigned i=0; i<hashtabsize; ++i) {
-                       this_bin_fill = 0;
-                       if (hashtab[i].size() > 0) {
-                               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ')
-                                   << "bin " << i << " with entries ";
-                               for (epplist::const_iterator it=hashtab[i].begin();
-                                    it!=hashtab[i].end(); ++it) {
-                                       c.s << *it-seq.begin() << " ";
-                                       ++this_bin_fill;
-                               }
-                               os << std::endl;
-                               cum_fill += this_bin_fill;
-                               cum_fill_sq += this_bin_fill*this_bin_fill;
+       unsigned count[MAXCOUNT+1];
+       for (int i=0; i<MAXCOUNT+1; ++i)
+               count[i] = 0;
+       unsigned this_bin_fill;
+       unsigned cum_fill_sq = 0;
+       unsigned cum_fill = 0;
+       for (unsigned i=0; i<hashtabsize; ++i) {
+               this_bin_fill = 0;
+               if (hashtab[i].size() > 0) {
+                       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ')
+                           << "bin " << i << " with entries ";
+                       for (epplist::const_iterator it=hashtab[i].begin();
+                            it!=hashtab[i].end(); ++it) {
+                               c.s << *it-seq.begin() << " ";
+                               ++this_bin_fill;
                        }
-                       if (this_bin_fill<MAXCOUNT)
-                               ++count[this_bin_fill];
-                       else
-                               ++count[MAXCOUNT];
+                       c.s << std::endl;
+                       cum_fill += this_bin_fill;
+                       cum_fill_sq += this_bin_fill*this_bin_fill;
                }
-               unsigned fact = 1;
-               double cum_prob = 0;
-               double lambda = (1.0*seq.size()) / hashtabsize;
-               for (int k=0; k<MAXCOUNT; ++k) {
-                       if (k>0)
-                               fact *= k;
-                       double prob = std::pow(lambda,k)/fact * std::exp(-lambda);
-                       cum_prob += prob;
-                       c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "bins with " << k << " entries: "
-                           << int(1000.0*count[k]/hashtabsize)/10.0 << "% (expected: "
-                           << int(prob*1000)/10.0 << ")" << std::endl;
-               }
-               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "bins with more entries: "
-                   << int(1000.0*count[MAXCOUNT]/hashtabsize)/10.0 << "% (expected: "
-                   << int((1-cum_prob)*1000)/10.0 << ")" << std::endl;
-       
-               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "variance: "
-                   << 1.0/hashtabsize*cum_fill_sq-(1.0/hashtabsize*cum_fill)*(1.0/hashtabsize*cum_fill)
-                   << std::endl;
-               c.s << std::string(level + delta_indent, ' ') << "average fill: "
-                   << (1.0*cum_fill)/hashtabsize
-                   << " (should be equal to " << (1.0*seq.size())/hashtabsize << ")" << std::endl;
-#endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-
-       } else {
-               c.s << "[[";
-               printseq(c, ',', precedence, level);
-               c.s << "]]";
+               if (this_bin_fill<MAXCOUNT)
+                       ++count[this_bin_fill];
+               else
+                       ++count[MAXCOUNT];
+       }
+       unsigned fact = 1;
+       double cum_prob = 0;
+       double lambda = (1.0*seq.size()) / hashtabsize;
+       for (int k=0; k<MAXCOUNT; ++k) {
+               if (k>0)
+                       fact *= k;
+               double prob = std::pow(lambda,k)/fact * std::exp(-lambda);
+               cum_prob += prob;
+               c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "bins with " << k << " entries: "
+                   << int(1000.0*count[k]/hashtabsize)/10.0 << "% (expected: "
+                   << int(prob*1000)/10.0 << ")" << std::endl;
        }
+       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "bins with more entries: "
+           << int(1000.0*count[MAXCOUNT]/hashtabsize)/10.0 << "% (expected: "
+           << int((1-cum_prob)*1000)/10.0 << ")" << std::endl;
+
+       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "variance: "
+           << 1.0/hashtabsize*cum_fill_sq-(1.0/hashtabsize*cum_fill)*(1.0/hashtabsize*cum_fill)
+           << std::endl;
+       c.s << std::string(level + c.delta_indent, ' ') << "average fill: "
+           << (1.0*cum_fill)/hashtabsize
+           << " (should be equal to " << (1.0*seq.size())/hashtabsize << ")" << std::endl;
+#endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
 }
 
 bool expairseq::info(unsigned inf) const
 {
+       switch(inf) {
+               case info_flags::expanded:
+                       return (flags & status_flags::expanded);
+               case info_flags::has_indices: {
+                       if (flags & status_flags::has_indices)
+                               return true;
+                       else if (flags & status_flags::has_no_indices)
+                               return false;
+                       for (epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(); i != seq.end(); ++i) {
+                               if (i->rest.info(info_flags::has_indices)) {
+                                       this->setflag(status_flags::has_indices);
+                                       this->clearflag(status_flags::has_no_indices);
+                                       return true;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       this->clearflag(status_flags::has_indices);
+                       this->setflag(status_flags::has_no_indices);
+                       return false;
+               }
+       }
        return inherited::info(inf);
 }
 
-unsigned expairseq::nops() const
+size_t expairseq::nops() const
 {
        if (overall_coeff.is_equal(default_overall_coeff()))
                return seq.size();
@@ -285,65 +296,176 @@ unsigned expairseq::nops() const
                return seq.size()+1;
 }
 
-ex expairseq::op(int i) const
+ex expairseq::op(size_t i) const
 {
-       if (unsigned(i)<seq.size())
+       if (i < seq.size())
                return recombine_pair_to_ex(seq[i]);
        GINAC_ASSERT(!overall_coeff.is_equal(default_overall_coeff()));
        return overall_coeff;
 }
 
-ex &expairseq::let_op(int i)
+ex expairseq::map(map_function &f) const
 {
-       throw(std::logic_error("let_op not defined for expairseq and derived classes (add,mul,...)"));
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> v(new epvector);
+       v->reserve(seq.size()+1);
+
+       epvector::const_iterator cit = seq.begin(), last = seq.end();
+       while (cit != last) {
+               v->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(f(recombine_pair_to_ex(*cit))));
+               ++cit;
+       }
+
+       if (overall_coeff.is_equal(default_overall_coeff()))
+               return thisexpairseq(v, default_overall_coeff(), true);
+       else {
+               ex newcoeff = f(overall_coeff);
+               if(is_a<numeric>(newcoeff))
+                       return thisexpairseq(v, newcoeff, true);
+               else {
+                       v->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(newcoeff));
+                       return thisexpairseq(v, default_overall_coeff(), true);
+               }
+       }
 }
 
+/** Perform coefficient-wise automatic term rewriting rules in this class. */
 ex expairseq::eval(int level) const
 {
        if ((level==1) && (flags &status_flags::evaluated))
                return *this;
        
-       epvector *vp = evalchildren(level);
-       if (vp==0)
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp = evalchildren(level);
+       if (vp.get() == 0)
                return this->hold();
        
-       return (new expairseq(vp,overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | status_flags::evaluated);
+       return (new expairseq(vp, overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | status_flags::evaluated);
 }
 
-ex expairseq::evalf(int level) const
+epvector* conjugateepvector(const epvector&epv)
 {
-       return thisexpairseq(evalfchildren(level),overall_coeff.evalf(level-1));
+       epvector *newepv = 0;
+       for (epvector::const_iterator i=epv.begin(); i!=epv.end(); ++i) {
+               if(newepv) {
+                       newepv->push_back(i->conjugate());
+                       continue;
+               }
+               expair x = i->conjugate();
+               if (x.is_equal(*i)) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               newepv = new epvector;
+               newepv->reserve(epv.size());
+               for (epvector::const_iterator j=epv.begin(); j!=i; ++j) {
+                       newepv->push_back(*j);
+               }
+               newepv->push_back(x);
+       }
+       return newepv;
 }
 
-ex expairseq::normal(lst &sym_lst, lst &repl_lst, int level) const
+ex expairseq::conjugate() const
 {
-       ex n = thisexpairseq(normalchildren(level),overall_coeff);
-       return n.bp->basic::normal(sym_lst,repl_lst,level);
+       epvector* newepv = conjugateepvector(seq);
+       ex x = overall_coeff.conjugate();
+       if (!newepv && are_ex_trivially_equal(x, overall_coeff)) {
+               return *this;
+       }
+       ex result = thisexpairseq(newepv ? *newepv : seq, x);
+       delete newepv;
+       return result;
 }
 
-ex expairseq::subs(const lst &ls, const lst &lr) const
+bool expairseq::match(const ex & pattern, exmap & repl_lst) const
 {
-       epvector *vp = subschildren(ls,lr);
-       if (vp==0)
-               return inherited::subs(ls, lr);
-       
-       return thisexpairseq(vp,overall_coeff);
-}
+       // This differs from basic::match() because we want "a+b+c+d" to
+       // match "d+*+b" with "*" being "a+c", and we want to honor commutativity
 
-// protected
+       if (typeid(*this) == typeid(ex_to<basic>(pattern))) {
+
+               // Check whether global wildcard (one that matches the "rest of the
+               // expression", like "*" above) is present
+               bool has_global_wildcard = false;
+               ex global_wildcard;
+               for (size_t i=0; i<pattern.nops(); i++) {
+                       if (is_exactly_a<wildcard>(pattern.op(i))) {
+                               has_global_wildcard = true;
+                               global_wildcard = pattern.op(i);
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               // Unfortunately, this is an O(N^2) operation because we can't
+               // sort the pattern in a useful way...
+
+               // Chop into terms
+               exvector ops;
+               ops.reserve(nops());
+               for (size_t i=0; i<nops(); i++)
+                       ops.push_back(op(i));
+
+               // Now, for every term of the pattern, look for a matching term in
+               // the expression and remove the match
+               for (size_t i=0; i<pattern.nops(); i++) {
+                       ex p = pattern.op(i);
+                       if (has_global_wildcard && p.is_equal(global_wildcard))
+                               continue;
+                       exvector::iterator it = ops.begin(), itend = ops.end();
+                       while (it != itend) {
+                               if (it->match(p, repl_lst)) {
+                                       ops.erase(it);
+                                       goto found;
+                               }
+                               ++it;
+                       }
+                       return false; // no match found
+found:         ;
+               }
 
-/** Implementation of ex::diff() for an expairseq.
- *  It differentiates all elements of the sequence.
- *  @see ex::diff */
-ex expairseq::derivative(const symbol &s) const
+               if (has_global_wildcard) {
+
+                       // Assign all the remaining terms to the global wildcard (unless
+                       // it has already been matched before, in which case the matches
+                       // must be equal)
+                       size_t num = ops.size();
+                       std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp(new epvector);
+                       vp->reserve(num);
+                       for (size_t i=0; i<num; i++)
+                               vp->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(ops[i]));
+                       ex rest = thisexpairseq(vp, default_overall_coeff());
+                       for (exmap::const_iterator it = repl_lst.begin(); it != repl_lst.end(); ++it) {
+                               if (it->first.is_equal(global_wildcard))
+                                       return rest.is_equal(it->second);
+                       }
+                       repl_lst[global_wildcard] = rest;
+                       return true;
+
+               } else {
+
+                       // No global wildcard, then the match fails if there are any
+                       // unmatched terms left
+                       return ops.empty();
+               }
+       }
+       return inherited::match(pattern, repl_lst);
+}
+
+ex expairseq::subs(const exmap & m, unsigned options) const
 {
-       return thisexpairseq(diffchildren(s),overall_coeff);
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp = subschildren(m, options);
+       if (vp.get())
+               return ex_to<basic>(thisexpairseq(vp, overall_coeff, (options & subs_options::no_index_renaming) == 0));
+       else if ((options & subs_options::algebraic) && is_exactly_a<mul>(*this))
+               return static_cast<const mul *>(this)->algebraic_subs_mul(m, options);
+       else
+               return subs_one_level(m, options);
 }
 
+// protected
+
 int expairseq::compare_same_type(const basic &other) const
 {
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_of_type(other, expairseq));
-       const expairseq &o = static_cast<const expairseq &>(const_cast<basic &>(other));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<expairseq>(other));
+       const expairseq &o = static_cast<const expairseq &>(other);
        
        int cmpval;
        
@@ -408,7 +530,7 @@ int expairseq::compare_same_type(const basic &other) const
 
 bool expairseq::is_equal_same_type(const basic &other) const
 {
-       const expairseq &o = dynamic_cast<const expairseq &>(const_cast<basic &>(other));
+       const expairseq &o = static_cast<const expairseq &>(other);
        
        // compare number of elements
        if (seq.size()!=o.seq.size())
@@ -470,28 +592,28 @@ bool expairseq::is_equal_same_type(const basic &other) const
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
 }
 
-unsigned expairseq::return_type(void) const
+unsigned expairseq::return_type() const
 {
        return return_types::noncommutative_composite;
 }
 
-unsigned expairseq::calchash(void) const
+unsigned expairseq::calchash() const
 {
-       unsigned v = golden_ratio_hash(tinfo());
-       for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
+       unsigned v = make_hash_seed(typeid(*this));
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin();
+       const epvector::const_iterator end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               v ^= i->rest.gethash();
 #if !EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-               v = rotate_left_31(v); // rotation would spoil commutativity
-#endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-               v ^= cit->rest.gethash();
-#if !EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-               v = rotate_left_31(v);
-               v ^= cit->coeff.gethash();
-#endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
+               // rotation spoils commutativity!
+               v = rotate_left(v);
+               v ^= i->coeff.gethash();
+#endif // !EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
+               ++i;
        }
-       
+
        v ^= overall_coeff.gethash();
-       v &= 0x7FFFFFFFU;
-       
+
        // store calculated hash value only if object is already evaluated
        if (flags &status_flags::evaluated) {
                setflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
@@ -503,14 +625,13 @@ unsigned expairseq::calchash(void) const
 
 ex expairseq::expand(unsigned options) const
 {
-       epvector *vp = expandchildren(options);
-       if (vp==0) {
-               // the terms have not changed, so it is safe to declare this expanded
-               setflag(status_flags::expanded);
-               return *this;
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp = expandchildren(options);
+       if (vp.get())
+               return thisexpairseq(vp, overall_coeff);
+       else {
+               // The terms have not changed, so it is safe to declare this expanded
+               return (options == 0) ? setflag(status_flags::expanded) : *this;
        }
-       
-       return thisexpairseq(vp,overall_coeff);
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -527,22 +648,22 @@ ex expairseq::expand(unsigned options) const
  *  ctor because the name (add, mul,...) is unknown on the expaiseq level.  In
  *  order for this trick to work a derived class must of course override this
  *  definition. */
-ex expairseq::thisexpairseq(const epvector &v, const ex &oc) const
+ex expairseq::thisexpairseq(const epvector &v, const ex &oc, bool do_index_renaming) const
 {
-       return expairseq(v,oc);
+       return expairseq(v, oc, do_index_renaming);
 }
 
-ex expairseq::thisexpairseq(epvector *vp, const ex &oc) const
+ex expairseq::thisexpairseq(std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp, const ex &oc, bool do_index_renaming) const
 {
-       return expairseq(vp,oc);
+       return expairseq(vp, oc, do_index_renaming);
 }
 
 void expairseq::printpair(const print_context & c, const expair & p, unsigned upper_precedence) const
 {
        c.s << "[[";
-       p.rest.bp->print(c, precedence);
+       p.rest.print(c, precedence());
        c.s << ",";
-       p.coeff.bp->print(c, precedence);
+       p.coeff.print(c, precedence());
        c.s << "]]";
 }
 
@@ -572,14 +693,14 @@ void expairseq::printseq(const print_context & c, char delim,
  *  @see expairseq::recombine_pair_to_ex() */
 expair expairseq::split_ex_to_pair(const ex &e) const
 {
-       return expair(e,_ex1());
+       return expair(e,_ex1);
 }
 
 
 expair expairseq::combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(const ex &e,
                                                 const ex &c) const
 {
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c,numeric));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
        
        return expair(e,c);
 }
@@ -588,10 +709,10 @@ expair expairseq::combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(const ex &e,
 expair expairseq::combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(const expair &p,
                                                   const ex &c) const
 {
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(p.coeff,numeric));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c,numeric));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(p.coeff));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
        
-       return expair(p.rest,ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)));
+       return expair(p.rest,ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)));
 }
 
 
@@ -610,25 +731,25 @@ bool expairseq::expair_needs_further_processing(epp it)
        return false;
 }
 
-ex expairseq::default_overall_coeff(void) const
+ex expairseq::default_overall_coeff() const
 {
-       return _ex0();
+       return _ex0;
 }
 
 void expairseq::combine_overall_coeff(const ex &c)
 {
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(overall_coeff,numeric));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c,numeric));
-       overall_coeff = ex_to_numeric(overall_coeff).add_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(overall_coeff));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
+       overall_coeff = ex_to<numeric>(overall_coeff).add_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c));
 }
 
 void expairseq::combine_overall_coeff(const ex &c1, const ex &c2)
 {
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(overall_coeff,numeric));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c1,numeric));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c2,numeric));
-       overall_coeff = ex_to_numeric(overall_coeff).
-                       add_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c1).mul(ex_to_numeric(c2)));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(overall_coeff));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c1));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c2));
+       overall_coeff = ex_to<numeric>(overall_coeff).
+                       add_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c1).mul(ex_to<numeric>(c2)));
 }
 
 bool expairseq::can_make_flat(const expair &p) const
@@ -656,42 +777,49 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_ex_via_exvector(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
 
 void expairseq::construct_from_2_ex(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
 {
-       if (lh.bp->tinfo()==tinfo()) {
-               if (rh.bp->tinfo()==tinfo()) {
+       if (typeid(ex_to<basic>(lh)) == typeid(*this)) {
+               if (typeid(ex_to<basic>(rh)) == typeid(*this)) {
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-                       unsigned totalsize = ex_to_expairseq(lh).seq.size() +
-                                            ex_to_expairseq(rh).seq.size();
+                       unsigned totalsize = ex_to<expairseq>(lh).seq.size() +
+                                            ex_to<expairseq>(rh).seq.size();
                        if (calc_hashtabsize(totalsize)!=0) {
                                construct_from_2_ex_via_exvector(lh,rh);
                        } else {
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-                               construct_from_2_expairseq(ex_to_expairseq(lh),
-                                                          ex_to_expairseq(rh));
+                               if (is_a<mul>(lh) && lh.info(info_flags::has_indices) && 
+                                       rh.info(info_flags::has_indices)) {
+                                       ex newrh=rename_dummy_indices_uniquely(lh, rh);
+                                       construct_from_2_expairseq(ex_to<expairseq>(lh),
+                                                                  ex_to<expairseq>(newrh));
+                               }
+                               else
+                                       construct_from_2_expairseq(ex_to<expairseq>(lh),
+                                                                  ex_to<expairseq>(rh));
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
                        }
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
                        return;
                } else {
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-                       unsigned totalsize = ex_to_expairseq(lh).seq.size()+1;
+                       unsigned totalsize = ex_to<expairseq>(lh).seq.size()+1;
                        if (calc_hashtabsize(totalsize)!=0) {
                                construct_from_2_ex_via_exvector(lh, rh);
                        } else {
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-                               construct_from_expairseq_ex(ex_to_expairseq(lh), rh);
+                               construct_from_expairseq_ex(ex_to<expairseq>(lh), rh);
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
                        }
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
                        return;
                }
-       } else if (rh.bp->tinfo()==tinfo()) {
+       } else if (typeid(ex_to<basic>(rh)) == typeid(*this)) {
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-               unsigned totalsize=ex_to_expairseq(rh).seq.size()+1;
+               unsigned totalsize=ex_to<expairseq>(rh).seq.size()+1;
                if (calc_hashtabsize(totalsize)!=0) {
                        construct_from_2_ex_via_exvector(lh,rh);
                } else {
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-                       construct_from_expairseq_ex(ex_to_expairseq(rh),lh);
+                       construct_from_expairseq_ex(ex_to<expairseq>(rh),lh);
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
                }
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
@@ -706,8 +834,8 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_ex(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
        hashtabsize = 0;
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
        
-       if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(lh,numeric)) {
-               if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(rh,numeric)) {
+       if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(lh)) {
+               if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(rh)) {
                        combine_overall_coeff(lh);
                        combine_overall_coeff(rh);
                } else {
@@ -715,7 +843,7 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_ex(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
                        seq.push_back(split_ex_to_pair(rh));
                }
        } else {
-               if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(rh,numeric)) {
+               if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(rh)) {
                        combine_overall_coeff(rh);
                        seq.push_back(split_ex_to_pair(lh));
                } else {
@@ -724,8 +852,8 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_ex(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
                        
                        int cmpval = p1.rest.compare(p2.rest);
                        if (cmpval==0) {
-                               p1.coeff=ex_to_numeric(p1.coeff).add_dyn(ex_to_numeric(p2.coeff));
-                               if (!ex_to_numeric(p1.coeff).is_zero()) {
+                               p1.coeff = ex_to<numeric>(p1.coeff).add_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(p2.coeff));
+                               if (!ex_to<numeric>(p1.coeff).is_zero()) {
                                        // no further processing is necessary, since this
                                        // one element will usually be recombined in eval()
                                        seq.push_back(p1);
@@ -745,7 +873,7 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_ex(const ex &lh, const ex &rh)
 }
 
 void expairseq::construct_from_2_expairseq(const expairseq &s1,
-                                                                                  const expairseq &s2)
+                                           const expairseq &s2)
 {
        combine_overall_coeff(s1.overall_coeff);
        combine_overall_coeff(s2.overall_coeff);
@@ -761,12 +889,13 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_expairseq(const expairseq &s1,
        
        while (first1!=last1 && first2!=last2) {
                int cmpval = (*first1).rest.compare((*first2).rest);
+
                if (cmpval==0) {
                        // combine terms
-                       const numeric &newcoeff = ex_to_numeric((*first1).coeff).
-                                                  add(ex_to_numeric((*first2).coeff));
+                       const numeric &newcoeff = ex_to<numeric>(first1->coeff).
+                                                  add(ex_to<numeric>(first2->coeff));
                        if (!newcoeff.is_zero()) {
-                               seq.push_back(expair((*first1).rest,newcoeff));
+                               seq.push_back(expair(first1->rest,newcoeff));
                                if (expair_needs_further_processing(seq.end()-1)) {
                                        needs_further_processing = true;
                                }
@@ -799,10 +928,10 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_2_expairseq(const expairseq &s1,
 }
 
 void expairseq::construct_from_expairseq_ex(const expairseq &s,
-                                                                                       const ex &e)
+                                            const ex &e)
 {
        combine_overall_coeff(s.overall_coeff);
-       if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,numeric)) {
+       if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(e)) {
                combine_overall_coeff(e);
                seq = s.seq;
                return;
@@ -819,16 +948,15 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_expairseq_ex(const expairseq &s,
        
        // merge p into s.seq
        while (first!=last) {
-               int cmpval=(*first).rest.compare(p.rest);
+               int cmpval = (*first).rest.compare(p.rest);
                if (cmpval==0) {
                        // combine terms
-                       const numeric &newcoeff = ex_to_numeric((*first).coeff).
-                                                  add(ex_to_numeric(p.coeff));
+                       const numeric &newcoeff = ex_to<numeric>(first->coeff).
+                                                  add(ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff));
                        if (!newcoeff.is_zero()) {
-                               seq.push_back(expair((*first).rest,newcoeff));
-                               if (expair_needs_further_processing(seq.end()-1)) {
+                               seq.push_back(expair(first->rest,newcoeff));
+                               if (expair_needs_further_processing(seq.end()-1))
                                        needs_further_processing = true;
-                               }
                        }
                        ++first;
                        p_pushed = true;
@@ -865,7 +993,7 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_exvector(const exvector &v)
 {
        // simplifications: +(a,+(b,c),d) -> +(a,b,c,d) (associativity)
        //                  +(d,b,c,a) -> +(a,b,c,d) (canonicalization)
-       //                  +(...,x,*(x,c1),*(x,c2)) -> +(...,*(x,1+c1+c2)) (c1, c2 numeric())
+       //                  +(...,x,*(x,c1),*(x,c2)) -> +(...,*(x,1+c1+c2)) (c1, c2 numeric)
        //                  (same for (+,*) -> (*,^)
 
        make_flat(v);
@@ -875,24 +1003,22 @@ void expairseq::construct_from_exvector(const exvector &v)
        canonicalize();
        combine_same_terms_sorted_seq();
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-       return;
 }
 
-void expairseq::construct_from_epvector(const epvector &v)
+void expairseq::construct_from_epvector(const epvector &v, bool do_index_renaming)
 {
        // simplifications: +(a,+(b,c),d) -> +(a,b,c,d) (associativity)
        //                  +(d,b,c,a) -> +(a,b,c,d) (canonicalization)
-       //                  +(...,x,*(x,c1),*(x,c2)) -> +(...,*(x,1+c1+c2)) (c1, c2 numeric())
-       //                  (same for (+,*) -> (*,^)
+       //                  +(...,x,*(x,c1),*(x,c2)) -> +(...,*(x,1+c1+c2)) (c1, c2 numeric)
+       //                  same for (+,*) -> (*,^)
 
-       make_flat(v);
+       make_flat(v, do_index_renaming);
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
        combine_same_terms();
 #else
        canonicalize();
        combine_same_terms_sorted_seq();
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-       return;
 }
 
 /** Combine this expairseq with argument exvector.
@@ -905,13 +1031,17 @@ void expairseq::make_flat(const exvector &v)
        // and their cumulative number of operands
        int nexpairseqs = 0;
        int noperands = 0;
+       bool do_idx_rename = false;
        
        cit = v.begin();
        while (cit!=v.end()) {
-               if (cit->bp->tinfo()==this->tinfo()) {
+               if (typeid(ex_to<basic>(*cit)) == typeid(*this)) {
                        ++nexpairseqs;
-                       noperands += ex_to_expairseq(*cit).seq.size();
+                       noperands += ex_to<expairseq>(*cit).seq.size();
                }
+               if (is_a<mul>(*this) && (!do_idx_rename) &&
+                               cit->info(info_flags::has_indices))
+                       do_idx_rename = true;
                ++cit;
        }
        
@@ -919,10 +1049,12 @@ void expairseq::make_flat(const exvector &v)
        seq.reserve(v.size()+noperands-nexpairseqs);
        
        // copy elements and split off numerical part
+       make_flat_inserter mf(v, do_idx_rename);
        cit = v.begin();
        while (cit!=v.end()) {
-               if (cit->bp->tinfo()==this->tinfo()) {
-                       const expairseq &subseqref = ex_to_expairseq(*cit);
+               if (typeid(ex_to<basic>(*cit)) == typeid(*this)) {
+                       ex newfactor = mf.handle_factor(*cit, _ex1);
+                       const expairseq &subseqref = ex_to<expairseq>(newfactor);
                        combine_overall_coeff(subseqref.overall_coeff);
                        epvector::const_iterator cit_s = subseqref.seq.begin();
                        while (cit_s!=subseqref.seq.end()) {
@@ -930,20 +1062,20 @@ void expairseq::make_flat(const exvector &v)
                                ++cit_s;
                        }
                } else {
-                       if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(*cit,numeric))
+                       if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(*cit))
                                combine_overall_coeff(*cit);
-                       else
-                               seq.push_back(split_ex_to_pair(*cit));
+                       else {
+                               ex newfactor = mf.handle_factor(*cit, _ex1);
+                               seq.push_back(split_ex_to_pair(newfactor));
+                       }
                }
                ++cit;
        }
-       
-       return;
 }
 
 /** Combine this expairseq with argument epvector.
  *  It cares for associativity as well as for special handling of numerics. */
-void expairseq::make_flat(const epvector &v)
+void expairseq::make_flat(const epvector &v, bool do_index_renaming)
 {
        epvector::const_iterator cit;
        
@@ -951,102 +1083,112 @@ void expairseq::make_flat(const epvector &v)
        // and their cumulative number of operands
        int nexpairseqs = 0;
        int noperands = 0;
+       bool really_need_rename_inds = false;
        
        cit = v.begin();
        while (cit!=v.end()) {
-               if (cit->rest.bp->tinfo()==this->tinfo()) {
+               if (typeid(ex_to<basic>(cit->rest)) == typeid(*this)) {
                        ++nexpairseqs;
-                       noperands += ex_to_expairseq((*cit).rest).seq.size();
+                       noperands += ex_to<expairseq>(cit->rest).seq.size();
                }
+               if ((!really_need_rename_inds) && is_a<mul>(*this) &&
+                               cit->rest.info(info_flags::has_indices))
+                       really_need_rename_inds = true;
                ++cit;
        }
+       do_index_renaming = do_index_renaming && really_need_rename_inds;
        
        // reserve seq and coeffseq which will hold all operands
        seq.reserve(v.size()+noperands-nexpairseqs);
+       make_flat_inserter mf(v, do_index_renaming);
        
        // copy elements and split off numerical part
        cit = v.begin();
        while (cit!=v.end()) {
-               if (cit->rest.bp->tinfo()==this->tinfo() &&
+               if ((typeid(ex_to<basic>(cit->rest)) == typeid(*this)) &&
                    this->can_make_flat(*cit)) {
-                       const expairseq &subseqref = ex_to_expairseq((*cit).rest);
-                       combine_overall_coeff(ex_to_numeric(subseqref.overall_coeff),
-                                                           ex_to_numeric((*cit).coeff));
+                       ex newrest = mf.handle_factor(cit->rest, cit->coeff);
+                       const expairseq &subseqref = ex_to<expairseq>(newrest);
+                       combine_overall_coeff(ex_to<numeric>(subseqref.overall_coeff),
+                                                           ex_to<numeric>(cit->coeff));
                        epvector::const_iterator cit_s = subseqref.seq.begin();
                        while (cit_s!=subseqref.seq.end()) {
-                               seq.push_back(expair((*cit_s).rest,
-                                                    ex_to_numeric((*cit_s).coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric((*cit).coeff))));
+                               seq.push_back(expair(cit_s->rest,
+                                                    ex_to<numeric>(cit_s->coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(cit->coeff))));
                                //seq.push_back(combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(*cit_s,
                                //                                              (*cit).coeff));
                                ++cit_s;
                        }
                } else {
                        if (cit->is_canonical_numeric())
-                               combine_overall_coeff(cit->rest);
-                       else
-                               seq.push_back(*cit);
+                               combine_overall_coeff(mf.handle_factor(cit->rest, _ex1));
+                       else {
+                               ex rest = cit->rest;
+                               ex newrest = mf.handle_factor(rest, cit->coeff);
+                               if (are_ex_trivially_equal(newrest, rest))
+                                       seq.push_back(*cit);
+                               else
+                                       seq.push_back(expair(newrest, cit->coeff));
+                       }
                }
                ++cit;
        }
-       return;
 }
 
 /** Brings this expairseq into a sorted (canonical) form. */
-void expairseq::canonicalize(void)
+void expairseq::canonicalize()
 {
-       // canonicalize
-       sort(seq.begin(),seq.end(),expair_is_less());
-       return;
+       std::sort(seq.begin(), seq.end(), expair_rest_is_less());
 }
 
 
 /** Compact a presorted expairseq by combining all matching expairs to one
  *  each.  On an add object, this is responsible for 2*x+3*x+y -> 5*x+y, for
  *  instance. */
-void expairseq::combine_same_terms_sorted_seq(void)
+void expairseq::combine_same_terms_sorted_seq()
 {
+       if (seq.size()<2)
+               return;
+
        bool needs_further_processing = false;
-       
-       if (seq.size()>1) {
-               epvector::iterator itin1 = seq.begin();
-               epvector::iterator itin2 = itin1+1;
-               epvector::iterator itout = itin1;
-               epvector::iterator last = seq.end();
-               // must_copy will be set to true the first time some combination is 
-               // possible from then on the sequence has changed and must be compacted
-               bool must_copy = false;
-               while (itin2!=last) {
-                       if ((*itin1).rest.compare((*itin2).rest)==0) {
-                               (*itin1).coeff = ex_to_numeric((*itin1).coeff).
-                                                add_dyn(ex_to_numeric((*itin2).coeff));
-                               if (expair_needs_further_processing(itin1))
-                                       needs_further_processing = true;
-                               must_copy = true;
-                       } else {
-                               if (!ex_to_numeric((*itin1).coeff).is_zero()) {
-                                       if (must_copy)
-                                               *itout = *itin1;
-                                       ++itout;
-                               }
-                               itin1 = itin2;
+
+       epvector::iterator itin1 = seq.begin();
+       epvector::iterator itin2 = itin1+1;
+       epvector::iterator itout = itin1;
+       epvector::iterator last = seq.end();
+       // must_copy will be set to true the first time some combination is 
+       // possible from then on the sequence has changed and must be compacted
+       bool must_copy = false;
+       while (itin2!=last) {
+               if (itin1->rest.compare(itin2->rest)==0) {
+                       itin1->coeff = ex_to<numeric>(itin1->coeff).
+                                      add_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(itin2->coeff));
+                       if (expair_needs_further_processing(itin1))
+                               needs_further_processing = true;
+                       must_copy = true;
+               } else {
+                       if (!ex_to<numeric>(itin1->coeff).is_zero()) {
+                               if (must_copy)
+                                       *itout = *itin1;
+                               ++itout;
                        }
-                       ++itin2;
-               }
-               if (!ex_to_numeric((*itin1).coeff).is_zero()) {
-                       if (must_copy)
-                               *itout = *itin1;
-                       ++itout;
+                       itin1 = itin2;
                }
-               if (itout!=last)
-                       seq.erase(itout,last);
+               ++itin2;
        }
-       
+       if (!ex_to<numeric>(itin1->coeff).is_zero()) {
+               if (must_copy)
+                       *itout = *itin1;
+               ++itout;
+       }
+       if (itout!=last)
+               seq.erase(itout,last);
+
        if (needs_further_processing) {
                epvector v = seq;
                seq.clear();
                construct_from_epvector(v);
        }
-       return;
 }
 
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
@@ -1060,7 +1202,7 @@ unsigned expairseq::calc_hashtabsize(unsigned sz) const
        size = nearest_power_of_2/hashtabfactor;
        if (size<minhashtabsize)
                return 0;
-       GINAC_ASSERT(hashtabsize<=0x8000000U); // really max size due to 31 bit hashing
+
        // hashtabsize must be a power of 2
        GINAC_ASSERT((1U << log2(size))==size);
        return size;
@@ -1069,21 +1211,19 @@ unsigned expairseq::calc_hashtabsize(unsigned sz) const
 unsigned expairseq::calc_hashindex(const ex &e) const
 {
        // calculate hashindex
-       unsigned hash = e.gethash();
        unsigned hashindex;
-       if (is_a_numeric_hash(hash)) {
+       if (is_a<numeric>(e)) {
                hashindex = hashmask;
        } else {
-               hashindex = hash &hashmask;
+               hashindex = e.gethash() & hashmask;
                // last hashtab entry is reserved for numerics
                if (hashindex==hashmask) hashindex = 0;
        }
-       GINAC_ASSERT(hashindex>=0);
        GINAC_ASSERT((hashindex<hashtabsize)||(hashtabsize==0));
        return hashindex;
 }
 
-void expairseq::shrink_hashtab(void)
+void expairseq::shrink_hashtab()
 {
        unsigned new_hashtabsize;
        while (hashtabsize!=(new_hashtabsize=calc_hashtabsize(seq.size()))) {
@@ -1129,14 +1269,13 @@ void expairseq::remove_hashtab_entry(epvector::const_iterator element)
                ++epplit;
        }
        if (!erased) {
-               printtree(cout,0);
-               cout << "tried to erase " << element-seq.begin() << std::endl;
-               cout << "size " << seq.end()-seq.begin() << std::endl;
+               std::cout << "tried to erase " << element-seq.begin() << std::endl;
+               std::cout << "size " << seq.end()-seq.begin() << std::endl;
 
-               unsigned hashindex = calc_hashindex((*element).rest);
+               unsigned hashindex = calc_hashindex(element->rest);
                epplist &eppl = hashtab[hashindex];
-               epplist::iterator epplit=eppl.begin();
-               bool erased=false;
+               epplist::iterator epplit = eppl.begin();
+               bool erased = false;
                while (epplit!=eppl.end()) {
                        if (*epplit == element) {
                                eppl.erase(epplit);
@@ -1171,10 +1310,10 @@ void expairseq::move_hashtab_entry(epvector::const_iterator oldpos,
        GINAC_ASSERT(epplit!=eppl.end());
 }
 
-void expairseq::sorted_insert(epplist &eppl, epp elem)
+void expairseq::sorted_insert(epplist &eppl, epvector::const_iterator elem)
 {
-       epplist::iterator current = eppl.begin();
-       while ((current!=eppl.end())&&((*(*current)).is_less(*elem))) {
+       epplist::const_iterator current = eppl.begin();
+       while ((current!=eppl.end()) && ((*current)->is_less(*elem))) {
                ++current;
        }
        eppl.insert(current,elem);
@@ -1185,21 +1324,21 @@ void expairseq::build_hashtab_and_combine(epvector::iterator &first_numeric,
                                           std::vector<bool> &touched,
                                           unsigned &number_of_zeroes)
 {
-       epp current=seq.begin();
+       epp current = seq.begin();
 
        while (current!=first_numeric) {
-               if (is_ex_exactly_of_type((*current).rest,numeric)) {
+               if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(current->rest)) {
                        --first_numeric;
                        iter_swap(current,first_numeric);
                } else {
                        // calculate hashindex
-                       unsigned currenthashindex = calc_hashindex((*current).rest);
+                       unsigned currenthashindex = calc_hashindex(current->rest);
 
                        // test if there is already a matching expair in the hashtab-list
                        epplist &eppl=hashtab[currenthashindex];
                        epplist::iterator epplit = eppl.begin();
                        while (epplit!=eppl.end()) {
-                               if ((*current).rest.is_equal((*(*epplit)).rest))
+                               if (current->rest.is_equal((*epplit)->rest))
                                        break;
                                ++epplit;
                        }
@@ -1209,8 +1348,8 @@ void expairseq::build_hashtab_and_combine(epvector::iterator &first_numeric,
                                ++current;
                        } else {
                                // epplit points to a matching expair, combine it with current
-                               (*(*epplit)).coeff = ex_to_numeric((*(*epplit)).coeff).
-                                                    add_dyn(ex_to_numeric((*current).coeff));
+                               (*epplit)->coeff = ex_to<numeric>((*epplit)->coeff).
+                                                  add_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(current->coeff));
                                
                                // move obsolete current expair to end by swapping with last_non_zero element
                                // if this was a numeric, it is swapped with the expair before first_numeric 
@@ -1220,7 +1359,7 @@ void expairseq::build_hashtab_and_combine(epvector::iterator &first_numeric,
                                --last_non_zero;
                                ++number_of_zeroes;
                                // test if combined term has coeff 0 and can be removed is done later
-                               touched[(*epplit)-seq.begin()]=true;
+                               touched[(*epplit)-seq.begin()] = true;
                        }
                }
        }
@@ -1234,12 +1373,12 @@ void expairseq::drop_coeff_0_terms(epvector::iterator &first_numeric,
        // move terms with coeff 0 to end and remove them from hashtab
        // check only those elements which have been touched
        epp current = seq.begin();
-       unsigned i = 0;
+       size_t i = 0;
        while (current!=first_numeric) {
                if (!touched[i]) {
                        ++current;
                        ++i;
-               } else if (!ex_to_numeric((*current).coeff).is_zero()) {
+               } else if (!ex_to<numeric>((*current).coeff).is_zero()) {
                        ++current;
                        ++i;
                } else {
@@ -1249,8 +1388,9 @@ void expairseq::drop_coeff_0_terms(epvector::iterator &first_numeric,
                        if (current!=last_non_zero) {
                                iter_swap(current,last_non_zero);
                                --first_numeric;
-                               bool numeric_swapped=first_numeric!=last_non_zero;
-                               if (numeric_swapped) iter_swap(first_numeric,current);
+                               bool numeric_swapped = first_numeric!=last_non_zero;
+                               if (numeric_swapped)
+                                       iter_swap(first_numeric,current);
                                epvector::iterator changed_entry;
 
                                if (numeric_swapped)
@@ -1280,29 +1420,30 @@ void expairseq::drop_coeff_0_terms(epvector::iterator &first_numeric,
 /** True if one of the coeffs vanishes, otherwise false.
  *  This would be an invariant violation, so this should only be used for
  *  debugging purposes. */
-bool expairseq::has_coeff_0(void) const
+bool expairseq::has_coeff_0() const
 {
-       for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-               if ((*cit).coeff.is_zero())
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               if (i->coeff.is_zero())
                        return true;
+               ++i;
        }
        return false;
 }
 
 void expairseq::add_numerics_to_hashtab(epvector::iterator first_numeric,
-                                                                               epvector::const_iterator last_non_zero)
+                                        epvector::const_iterator last_non_zero)
 {
-       if (first_numeric==seq.end()) return; // no numerics    
+       if (first_numeric == seq.end()) return; // no numerics
        
-       epvector::iterator current = first_numeric;
-       epvector::const_iterator last = last_non_zero+1;
-       while (current!=last) {
-               sorted_insert(hashtab[hashmask],current);
+       epvector::const_iterator current = first_numeric, last = last_non_zero + 1;
+       while (current != last) {
+               sorted_insert(hashtab[hashmask], current);
                ++current;
        }
 }
 
-void expairseq::combine_same_terms(void)
+void expairseq::combine_same_terms()
 {
        // combine same terms, drop term with coeff 0, move numerics to end
        
@@ -1328,41 +1469,18 @@ void expairseq::combine_same_terms(void)
        epvector::iterator first_numeric = seq.end();
        epvector::iterator last_non_zero = seq.end()-1;
        
-       std::vector<bool> touched;
-       touched.reserve(seq.size());
-       for (unsigned i=0; i<seq.size(); ++i) touched[i]=false;
+       size_t num = seq.size();
+       std::vector<bool> touched(num);
        
        unsigned number_of_zeroes = 0;
        
        GINAC_ASSERT(!has_coeff_0());
        build_hashtab_and_combine(first_numeric,last_non_zero,touched,number_of_zeroes);
-       /*
-       cout << "in combine:" << std::endl;
-       printtree(cout,0);
-       cout << "size=" << seq.end() - seq.begin() << std::endl;
-       cout << "first_numeric=" << first_numeric - seq.begin() << std::endl;
-       cout << "last_non_zero=" << last_non_zero - seq.begin() << std::endl;
-       for (unsigned i=0; i<seq.size(); ++i) {
-               if (touched[i]) cout << i << " is touched" << std::endl;
-       }
-       cout << "end in combine" << std::endl;
-       */
        
        // there should not be any terms with coeff 0 from the beginning,
        // so it should be safe to skip this step
        if (number_of_zeroes!=0) {
                drop_coeff_0_terms(first_numeric,last_non_zero,touched,number_of_zeroes);
-               /*
-               cout << "in combine after drop:" << std::endl;
-               printtree(cout,0);
-               cout << "size=" << seq.end() - seq.begin() << std::endl;
-               cout << "first_numeric=" << first_numeric - seq.begin() << std::endl;
-               cout << "last_non_zero=" << last_non_zero - seq.begin() << std::endl;
-               for (unsigned i=0; i<seq.size(); ++i) {
-                       if (touched[i]) cout << i << " is touched" << std::endl;
-               }
-               cout << "end in combine after drop" << std::endl;
-               */
        }
        
        add_numerics_to_hashtab(first_numeric,last_non_zero);
@@ -1393,25 +1511,25 @@ bool expairseq::is_canonical() const
        if (hashtabsize > 0) return 1; // not canoncalized
 #endif // EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
        
-       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin();
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
        epvector::const_iterator it_last = it;
-       for (++it; it!=seq.end(); it_last=it, ++it) {
-               if (!((*it_last).is_less(*it) || (*it_last).is_equal(*it))) {
-                       if (!is_ex_exactly_of_type((*it_last).rest,numeric) ||
-                               !is_ex_exactly_of_type((*it).rest,numeric)) {
+       for (++it; it!=itend; it_last=it, ++it) {
+               if (!(it_last->is_less(*it) || it_last->is_equal(*it))) {
+                       if (!is_exactly_a<numeric>(it_last->rest) ||
+                               !is_exactly_a<numeric>(it->rest)) {
                                // double test makes it easier to set a breakpoint...
-                               if (!is_ex_exactly_of_type((*it_last).rest,numeric) ||
-                                       !is_ex_exactly_of_type((*it).rest,numeric)) {
+                               if (!is_exactly_a<numeric>(it_last->rest) ||
+                                       !is_exactly_a<numeric>(it->rest)) {
                                        printpair(std::clog, *it_last, 0);
                                        std::clog << ">";
                                        printpair(std::clog, *it, 0);
                                        std::clog << "\n";
                                        std::clog << "pair1:" << std::endl;
-                                       (*it_last).rest.print(print_tree(std::clog));
-                                       (*it_last).coeff.print(print_tree(std::clog));
+                                       it_last->rest.print(print_tree(std::clog));
+                                       it_last->coeff.print(print_tree(std::clog));
                                        std::clog << "pair2:" << std::endl;
-                                       (*it).rest.print(print_tree(std::clog));
-                                       (*it).coeff.print(print_tree(std::clog));
+                                       it->rest.print(print_tree(std::clog));
+                                       it->coeff.print(print_tree(std::clog));
                                        return 0;
                                }
                        }
@@ -1426,16 +1544,16 @@ bool expairseq::is_canonical() const
  *  @see expairseq::expand()
  *  @return pointer to epvector containing expanded pairs or zero pointer,
  *  if no members were changed. */
-epvector * expairseq::expandchildren(unsigned options) const
+std::auto_ptr<epvector> expairseq::expandchildren(unsigned options) const
 {
-       epvector::const_iterator last = seq.end();
+       const epvector::const_iterator last = seq.end();
        epvector::const_iterator cit = seq.begin();
        while (cit!=last) {
-               const ex &expanded_ex = (*cit).rest.expand(options);
-               if (!are_ex_trivially_equal((*cit).rest,expanded_ex)) {
+               const ex &expanded_ex = cit->rest.expand(options);
+               if (!are_ex_trivially_equal(cit->rest,expanded_ex)) {
                        
                        // something changed, copy seq, eval and return it
-                       epvector *s = new epvector;
+                       std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
                        s->reserve(seq.size());
                        
                        // copy parts of seq which are known not to have changed
@@ -1444,14 +1562,16 @@ epvector * expairseq::expandchildren(unsigned options) const
                                s->push_back(*cit2);
                                ++cit2;
                        }
+
                        // copy first changed element
                        s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(expanded_ex,
-                                                                  (*cit2).coeff));
+                                                                  cit2->coeff));
                        ++cit2;
+
                        // copy rest
                        while (cit2!=last) {
-                               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*cit2).rest.expand(options),
-                                                                          (*cit2).coeff));
+                               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(cit2->rest.expand(options),
+                                                                          cit2->coeff));
                                ++cit2;
                        }
                        return s;
@@ -1459,7 +1579,7 @@ epvector * expairseq::expandchildren(unsigned options) const
                ++cit;
        }
        
-       return 0; // signalling nothing has changed
+       return std::auto_ptr<epvector>(0); // signalling nothing has changed
 }
 
 
@@ -1468,27 +1588,27 @@ epvector * expairseq::expandchildren(unsigned options) const
  *  @see expairseq::eval()
  *  @return pointer to epvector containing evaluated pairs or zero pointer,
  *  if no members were changed. */
-epvector * expairseq::evalchildren(int level) const
+std::auto_ptr<epvector> expairseq::evalchildren(int level) const
 {
        // returns a NULL pointer if nothing had to be evaluated
        // returns a pointer to a newly created epvector otherwise
        // (which has to be deleted somewhere else)
 
        if (level==1)
-               return 0;
+               return std::auto_ptr<epvector>(0);
        
        if (level == -max_recursion_level)
                throw(std::runtime_error("max recursion level reached"));
        
        --level;
-       epvector::const_iterator last=seq.end();
-       epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin();
+       epvector::const_iterator last = seq.end();
+       epvector::const_iterator cit = seq.begin();
        while (cit!=last) {
-               const ex &evaled_ex = (*cit).rest.eval(level);
-               if (!are_ex_trivially_equal((*cit).rest,evaled_ex)) {
+               const ex &evaled_ex = cit->rest.eval(level);
+               if (!are_ex_trivially_equal(cit->rest,evaled_ex)) {
                        
                        // something changed, copy seq, eval and return it
-                       epvector *s = new epvector;
+                       std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
                        s->reserve(seq.size());
                        
                        // copy parts of seq which are known not to have changed
@@ -1497,14 +1617,16 @@ epvector * expairseq::evalchildren(int level) const
                                s->push_back(*cit2);
                                ++cit2;
                        }
+
                        // copy first changed element
                        s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(evaled_ex,
-                                                                  (*cit2).coeff));
+                                                                  cit2->coeff));
                        ++cit2;
+
                        // copy rest
                        while (cit2!=last) {
-                               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*cit2).rest.eval(level),
-                                                                          (*cit2).coeff));
+                               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(cit2->rest.eval(level),
+                                                                          cit2->coeff));
                                ++cit2;
                        }
                        return s;
@@ -1512,129 +1634,104 @@ epvector * expairseq::evalchildren(int level) const
                ++cit;
        }
        
-       return 0; // signalling nothing has changed
+       return std::auto_ptr<epvector>(0); // signalling nothing has changed
 }
 
-
-/** Member-wise evaluate numerically all expairs in this sequence.
+/** Member-wise substitute in this sequence.
  *
- *  @see expairseq::evalf()
- *  @return epvector with all entries evaluated numerically. */
-epvector expairseq::evalfchildren(int level) const
-{
-       if (level==1)
-               return seq;
-       
-       if (level==-max_recursion_level)
-               throw(std::runtime_error("max recursion level reached"));
-       
-       epvector s;
-       s.reserve(seq.size());
-       
-       --level;
-       for (epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-               s.push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*it).rest.evalf(level),
-                                                         (*it).coeff.evalf(level)));
+ *  @see expairseq::subs()
+ *  @return pointer to epvector containing pairs after application of subs,
+ *    or NULL pointer if no members were changed. */
+std::auto_ptr<epvector> expairseq::subschildren(const exmap & m, unsigned options) const
+{
+       // When any of the objects to be substituted is a product or power
+       // we have to recombine the pairs because the numeric coefficients may
+       // be part of the search pattern.
+       if (!(options & (subs_options::pattern_is_product | subs_options::pattern_is_not_product))) {
+
+               // Search the list of substitutions and cache our findings
+               for (exmap::const_iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); ++it) {
+                       if (is_exactly_a<mul>(it->first) || is_exactly_a<power>(it->first)) {
+                               options |= subs_options::pattern_is_product;
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (!(options & subs_options::pattern_is_product))
+                       options |= subs_options::pattern_is_not_product;
        }
-       return s;
-}
 
+       if (options & subs_options::pattern_is_product) {
 
-/** Member-wise normalize all expairs in this sequence.
- *
- *  @see expairseq::normal()
- *  @return epvector with all entries normalized. */
-epvector expairseq::normalchildren(int level) const
-{
-       if (level==1)
-               return seq;
-       
-       if (level==-max_recursion_level)
-               throw(std::runtime_error("max recursion level reached"));
-       
-       epvector s;
-       s.reserve(seq.size());
-       
-       --level;
-       for (epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-               s.push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*it).rest.normal(level),
-                                                         (*it).coeff));
-       }
-       return s;
-}
+               // Substitute in the recombined pairs
+               epvector::const_iterator cit = seq.begin(), last = seq.end();
+               while (cit != last) {
 
+                       const ex &orig_ex = recombine_pair_to_ex(*cit);
+                       const ex &subsed_ex = orig_ex.subs(m, options);
+                       if (!are_ex_trivially_equal(orig_ex, subsed_ex)) {
 
-/** Member-wise differentiate all expairs in this sequence.
- *
- *  @see expairseq::diff()
- *  @return epvector with all entries differentiated. */
-epvector expairseq::diffchildren(const symbol &y) const
-{
-       epvector s;
-       s.reserve(seq.size());
-       
-       for (epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-               s.push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*it).rest.diff(y),
-                                                         (*it).coeff));
-       }
-       return s;
-}
+                               // Something changed, copy seq, subs and return it
+                               std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+                               s->reserve(seq.size());
 
+                               // Copy parts of seq which are known not to have changed
+                               s->insert(s->begin(), seq.begin(), cit);
 
-/** Member-wise substitute in this sequence.
- *
- *  @see expairseq::subs()
- *  @return pointer to epvector containing pairs after application of subs or zero
- *  pointer, if no members were changed. */
-epvector * expairseq::subschildren(const lst &ls, const lst &lr) const
-{
-       // returns a NULL pointer if nothing had to be substituted
-       // returns a pointer to a newly created epvector otherwise
-       // (which has to be deleted somewhere else)
-       GINAC_ASSERT(ls.nops()==lr.nops());
-       
-       epvector::const_iterator last = seq.end();
-       epvector::const_iterator cit = seq.begin();
-       while (cit!=last) {
-               const ex &subsed_ex=(*cit).rest.subs(ls,lr);
-               if (!are_ex_trivially_equal((*cit).rest,subsed_ex)) {
+                               // Copy first changed element
+                               s->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(subsed_ex));
+                               ++cit;
+
+                               // Copy rest
+                               while (cit != last) {
+                                       s->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(recombine_pair_to_ex(*cit).subs(m, options)));
+                                       ++cit;
+                               }
+                               return s;
+                       }
+
+                       ++cit;
+               }
+
+       } else {
+
+               // Substitute only in the "rest" part of the pairs
+               epvector::const_iterator cit = seq.begin(), last = seq.end();
+               while (cit != last) {
+
+                       const ex &subsed_ex = cit->rest.subs(m, options);
+                       if (!are_ex_trivially_equal(cit->rest, subsed_ex)) {
                        
-                       // something changed, copy seq, subs and return it
-                       epvector *s = new epvector;
-                       s->reserve(seq.size());
+                               // Something changed, copy seq, subs and return it
+                               std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+                               s->reserve(seq.size());
+
+                               // Copy parts of seq which are known not to have changed
+                               s->insert(s->begin(), seq.begin(), cit);
                        
-                       // copy parts of seq which are known not to have changed
-                       epvector::const_iterator cit2 = seq.begin();
-                       while (cit2!=cit) {
-                               s->push_back(*cit2);
-                               ++cit2;
-                       }
-                       // copy first changed element
-                       s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(subsed_ex,
-                                                                  (*cit2).coeff));
-                       ++cit2;
-                       // copy rest
-                       while (cit2!=last) {
-                               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*cit2).rest.subs(ls,lr),
-                                                                          (*cit2).coeff));
-                               ++cit2;
+                               // Copy first changed element
+                               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(subsed_ex, cit->coeff));
+                               ++cit;
+
+                               // Copy rest
+                               while (cit != last) {
+                                       s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(cit->rest.subs(m, options), cit->coeff));
+                                       ++cit;
+                               }
+                               return s;
                        }
-                       return s;
+
+                       ++cit;
                }
-               ++cit;
        }
        
-       return 0; // signalling nothing has changed
+       // Nothing has changed
+       return std::auto_ptr<epvector>(0);
 }
 
 //////////
 // static member variables
 //////////
 
-// protected
-
-unsigned expairseq::precedence = 10;
-
 #if EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
 unsigned expairseq::maxhashtabsize = 0x4000000U;
 unsigned expairseq::minhashtabsize = 0x1000U;