- powers with negative exponents are printed as fractions in the LaTeX output

[ginac.git] / ginac / clifford.cpp

diff --git a/ginac/clifford.cpp b/ginac/clifford.cpp
index c985bd8dba75edd189684c8120e7d7d7d4e31c6e..0a10d4525854f5f575297234aefa33ba0f3fe2db 100644 (file)
--- a/ginac/clifford.cpp
+++ b/ginac/clifford.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *  Implementation of GiNaC's clifford algebra (Dirac gamma) objects. */
 
 /*
  *  Implementation of GiNaC's clifford algebra (Dirac gamma) objects. */
 
 /*

- *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
+ *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2002 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany

  *
  *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  *
  *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by


@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
  *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
  */
 
  *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
  */
 

+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+

 #include "clifford.h"
 #include "ex.h"
 #include "idx.h"
 #include "clifford.h"
 #include "ex.h"
 #include "idx.h"


@@ -29,27 +32,26 @@
 #include "symmetry.h"
 #include "lst.h"
 #include "relational.h"
 #include "symmetry.h"
 #include "lst.h"
 #include "relational.h"

+#include "mul.h"

 #include "print.h"
 #include "archive.h"
 #include "print.h"
 #include "archive.h"

-#include "debugmsg.h"

 #include "utils.h"
 
 #include "utils.h"
 

-#include <stdexcept>
-

 namespace GiNaC {
 
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(clifford, indexed)
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracone, tensor)
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracgamma, tensor)
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracgamma5, tensor)
 namespace GiNaC {
 
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(clifford, indexed)
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracone, tensor)
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracgamma, tensor)
 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracgamma5, tensor)

+GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracgammaL, tensor)
+GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(diracgammaR, tensor)

 
 //////////
 
 //////////

-// default constructor, destructor, copy constructor assignment operator and helpers
+// default ctor, dtor, copy ctor, assignment operator and helpers

 //////////
 
 clifford::clifford() : representation_label(0)
 {
 //////////
 
 clifford::clifford() : representation_label(0)
 {

-       debugmsg("clifford default constructor", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);

        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 


@@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ DEFAULT_DESTROY(clifford)
 DEFAULT_CTORS(diracone)
 DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgamma)
 DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgamma5)
 DEFAULT_CTORS(diracone)
 DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgamma)
 DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgamma5)

+DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgammaL)
+DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgammaR)

 
 //////////
 // other constructors
 
 //////////
 // other constructors


@@ -73,7 +77,6 @@ DEFAULT_CTORS(diracgamma5)
  *  @see dirac_ONE */
 clifford::clifford(const ex & b, unsigned char rl) : inherited(b), representation_label(rl)
 {
  *  @see dirac_ONE */
 clifford::clifford(const ex & b, unsigned char rl) : inherited(b), representation_label(rl)
 {

-       debugmsg("clifford constructor from ex", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);

        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 


@@ -82,20 +85,17 @@ clifford::clifford(const ex & b, unsigned char rl) : inherited(b), representatio
  *  @see dirac_gamma */
 clifford::clifford(const ex & b, const ex & mu, unsigned char rl) : inherited(b, mu), representation_label(rl)
 {
  *  @see dirac_gamma */
 clifford::clifford(const ex & b, const ex & mu, unsigned char rl) : inherited(b, mu), representation_label(rl)
 {

-       debugmsg("clifford constructor from ex,ex", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(mu, varidx));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<varidx>(mu));

        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
 clifford::clifford(unsigned char rl, const exvector & v, bool discardable) : inherited(sy_none(), v, discardable), representation_label(rl)
 {
        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
 clifford::clifford(unsigned char rl, const exvector & v, bool discardable) : inherited(sy_none(), v, discardable), representation_label(rl)
 {

-       debugmsg("clifford constructor from unsigned char,exvector", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);

        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
 clifford::clifford(unsigned char rl, exvector * vp) : inherited(sy_none(), vp), representation_label(rl)
 {
        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
 clifford::clifford(unsigned char rl, exvector * vp) : inherited(sy_none(), vp), representation_label(rl)
 {

-       debugmsg("clifford constructor from unsigned char,exvector *", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);

        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 
        tinfo_key = TINFO_clifford;
 }
 


@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ clifford::clifford(unsigned char rl, exvector * vp) : inherited(sy_none(), vp),
 
 clifford::clifford(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
 {
 
 clifford::clifford(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
 {

-       debugmsg("clifford constructor from archive_node", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);

        unsigned rl;
        n.find_unsigned("label", rl);
        representation_label = rl;
        unsigned rl;
        n.find_unsigned("label", rl);
        representation_label = rl;


@@ -121,14 +120,16 @@ DEFAULT_UNARCHIVE(clifford)
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracone)
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracgamma)
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracgamma5)
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracone)
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracgamma)
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracgamma5)

+DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracgammaL)
+DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(diracgammaR)

 
 //////////
 
 //////////

-// functions overriding virtual functions from bases classes
+// functions overriding virtual functions from base classes

 //////////
 
 int clifford::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
 {
 //////////
 
 int clifford::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
 {

-       GINAC_ASSERT(other.tinfo() == TINFO_clifford);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<clifford>(other));

        const clifford &o = static_cast<const clifford &>(other);
 
        if (representation_label != o.representation_label) {
        const clifford &o = static_cast<const clifford &>(other);
 
        if (representation_label != o.representation_label) {


@@ -139,25 +140,82 @@ int clifford::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
        return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
 }
 
        return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
 }
 

+bool clifford::match_same_type(const basic & other) const
+{
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<clifford>(other));
+       const clifford &o = static_cast<const clifford &>(other);
+
+       return representation_label == o.representation_label;
+}
+
+void clifford::print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       if (!is_a<diracgamma5>(seq[0]) && !is_a<diracgammaL>(seq[0]) &&
+           !is_a<diracgammaR>(seq[0]) && !is_a<diracgamma>(seq[0]) &&
+           !is_a<diracone>(seq[0])) {
+
+               // dirac_slash() object is printed differently
+               if (is_a<print_tree>(c))
+                       inherited::print(c, level);
+               else if (is_a<print_latex>(c)) {
+                       c.s << "{";
+                       seq[0].print(c, level);
+                       c.s << "\\hspace{-1.0ex}/}";
+               } else {
+                       seq[0].print(c, level);
+                       c.s << "\\";
+               }
+
+       } else
+               inherited::print(c, level);
+}
+

 DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracone)
 DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracgamma)
 DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracgamma5)
 DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracone)
 DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracgamma)
 DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracgamma5)

+DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracgammaL)
+DEFAULT_COMPARE(diracgammaR)

 
 DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracone, "ONE", "\\mathbb{1}")
 DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracgamma, "gamma", "\\gamma")
 DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracgamma5, "gamma5", "{\\gamma^5}")
 
 DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracone, "ONE", "\\mathbb{1}")
 DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracgamma, "gamma", "\\gamma")
 DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracgamma5, "gamma5", "{\\gamma^5}")

+DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracgammaL, "gammaL", "{\\gamma_L}")
+DEFAULT_PRINT_LATEX(diracgammaR, "gammaR", "{\\gamma_R}")
+
+/** This function decomposes gamma~mu -> (1, mu) and a\ -> (a.ix, ix) */
+static void base_and_index(const ex & c, ex & b, ex & i)
+{
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<clifford>(c));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(c.nops() == 2);
+
+       if (is_a<diracgamma>(c.op(0))) { // proper dirac gamma object
+               i = c.op(1);
+               b = _ex1;
+       } else if (is_a<diracgamma5>(c.op(0)) || is_a<diracgammaL>(c.op(0)) || is_a<diracgammaR>(c.op(0))) { // gamma5/L/R
+               i = _ex0;
+               b = _ex1;
+       } else { // slash object, generate new dummy index
+               varidx ix((new symbol)->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated), ex_to<idx>(c.op(1)).get_dim());
+               b = indexed(c.op(0), ix.toggle_variance());
+               i = ix;
+       }
+}

 
 /** Contraction of a gamma matrix with something else. */
 bool diracgamma::contract_with(exvector::iterator self, exvector::iterator other, exvector & v) const
 {
 
 /** Contraction of a gamma matrix with something else. */
 bool diracgamma::contract_with(exvector::iterator self, exvector::iterator other, exvector & v) const
 {

-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(*self, clifford));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(*other, indexed));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(self->op(0), diracgamma));
-       unsigned char rl = ex_to_clifford(*self).get_representation_label();
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<clifford>(*self));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<indexed>(*other));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<diracgamma>(self->op(0)));
+       unsigned char rl = ex_to<clifford>(*self).get_representation_label();
+
+       if (is_a<clifford>(*other)) {

 
 

-       if (is_ex_of_type(*other, clifford)) {
+               // Contraction only makes sense if the represenation labels are equal
+               if (ex_to<clifford>(*other).get_representation_label() != rl)
+                       return false;

 
 

-               ex dim = ex_to_idx(self->op(1)).get_dim();
+               ex dim = ex_to<idx>(self->op(1)).get_dim();

 
                // gamma~mu gamma.mu = dim ONE
                if (other - self == 1) {
 
                // gamma~mu gamma.mu = dim ONE
                if (other - self == 1) {


@@ -167,19 +225,34 @@ bool diracgamma::contract_with(exvector::iterator self, exvector::iterator other
 
                // gamma~mu gamma~alpha gamma.mu = (2-dim) gamma~alpha
                } else if (other - self == 2
 
                // gamma~mu gamma~alpha gamma.mu = (2-dim) gamma~alpha
                } else if (other - self == 2

-                       && is_ex_of_type(self[1], clifford)) {
+                       && is_a<clifford>(self[1])) {

                        *self = 2 - dim;
                        *self = 2 - dim;

-                       *other = _ex1();
+                       *other = _ex1;

                        return true;
 
                // gamma~mu gamma~alpha gamma~beta gamma.mu = 4 g~alpha~beta + (dim-4) gamam~alpha gamma~beta
                } else if (other - self == 3
                        return true;
 
                // gamma~mu gamma~alpha gamma~beta gamma.mu = 4 g~alpha~beta + (dim-4) gamam~alpha gamma~beta
                } else if (other - self == 3

-                       && is_ex_of_type(self[1], clifford)
-                       && is_ex_of_type(self[2], clifford)) {
-                       *self = 4 * lorentz_g(self[1].op(1), self[2].op(1)) * dirac_ONE(rl) + (dim - 4) * self[1] * self[2];
-                       self[1] = _ex1();
-                       self[2] = _ex1();
-                       *other = _ex1();
+                       && is_a<clifford>(self[1])
+                       && is_a<clifford>(self[2])) {
+                       ex b1, i1, b2, i2;
+                       base_and_index(self[1], b1, i1);
+                       base_and_index(self[2], b2, i2);
+                       *self = 4 * lorentz_g(i1, i2) * b1 * b2 * dirac_ONE(rl) + (dim - 4) * self[1] * self[2];
+                       self[1] = _ex1;
+                       self[2] = _ex1;
+                       *other = _ex1;
+                       return true;
+
+               // gamma~mu gamma~alpha gamma~beta gamma~delta gamma.mu = -2 gamma~delta gamma~beta gamma~alpha - (dim-4) gamam~alpha gamma~beta gamma~delta
+               } else if (other - self == 4
+                       && is_a<clifford>(self[1])
+                       && is_a<clifford>(self[2])
+                       && is_a<clifford>(self[3])) {
+                       *self = -2 * self[3] * self[2] * self[1] - (dim - 4) * self[1] * self[2] * self[3];
+                       self[1] = _ex1;
+                       self[2] = _ex1;
+                       self[3] = _ex1;
+                       *other = _ex1;

                        return true;
 
                // gamma~mu S gamma~alpha gamma.mu = 2 gamma~alpha S - gamma~mu S gamma.mu gamma~alpha
                        return true;
 
                // gamma~mu S gamma~alpha gamma.mu = 2 gamma~alpha S - gamma~mu S gamma.mu gamma~alpha


@@ -188,21 +261,21 @@ bool diracgamma::contract_with(exvector::iterator self, exvector::iterator other
                } else {
                        exvector::iterator it = self + 1, next_to_last = other - 1;
                        while (it != other) {
                } else {
                        exvector::iterator it = self + 1, next_to_last = other - 1;
                        while (it != other) {

-                               if (!is_ex_of_type(*it, clifford))
+                               if (!is_a<clifford>(*it))

                                        return false;
                                        return false;

-                               it++;
+                               ++it;

                        }
 
                        it = self + 1;
                        }
 
                        it = self + 1;

-                       ex S = _ex1();
+                       ex S = _ex1;

                        while (it != next_to_last) {
                                S *= *it;
                        while (it != next_to_last) {
                                S *= *it;

-                               *it++ = _ex1();
+                               *it++ = _ex1;

                        }
 
                        *self = 2 * (*next_to_last) * S - (*self) * S * (*other) * (*next_to_last);
                        }
 
                        *self = 2 * (*next_to_last) * S - (*self) * S * (*other) * (*next_to_last);

-                       *next_to_last = _ex1();
-                       *other = _ex1();
+                       *next_to_last = _ex1;
+                       *other = _ex1;

                        return true;
                }
        }
                        return true;
                }
        }


@@ -211,7 +284,7 @@ bool diracgamma::contract_with(exvector::iterator self, exvector::iterator other
 }
 
 /** Perform automatic simplification on noncommutative product of clifford
 }
 
 /** Perform automatic simplification on noncommutative product of clifford

- *  objects. This removes superfluous ONEs, permutes gamma5's to the front
+ *  objects. This removes superfluous ONEs, permutes gamma5/L/R's to the front

  *  and removes squares of gamma objects. */
 ex clifford::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
 {
  *  and removes squares of gamma objects. */
 ex clifford::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
 {


@@ -221,7 +294,7 @@ ex clifford::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
        // Remove superfluous ONEs
        exvector::const_iterator cit = v.begin(), citend = v.end();
        while (cit != citend) {
        // Remove superfluous ONEs
        exvector::const_iterator cit = v.begin(), citend = v.end();
        while (cit != citend) {

-               if (!is_ex_of_type(cit->op(0), diracone))
+               if (!is_a<clifford>(*cit) || !is_a<diracone>(cit->op(0)))

                        s.push_back(*cit);
                cit++;
        }
                        s.push_back(*cit);
                cit++;
        }


@@ -229,54 +302,146 @@ ex clifford::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
        bool something_changed = false;
        int sign = 1;
 
        bool something_changed = false;
        int sign = 1;
 

-       // Anticommute gamma5's to the front
+       // Anticommute gamma5/L/R's to the front

        if (s.size() >= 2) {
                exvector::iterator first = s.begin(), next_to_last = s.end() - 2;
                while (true) {
                        exvector::iterator it = next_to_last;
                        while (true) {
                                exvector::iterator it2 = it + 1;
        if (s.size() >= 2) {
                exvector::iterator first = s.begin(), next_to_last = s.end() - 2;
                while (true) {
                        exvector::iterator it = next_to_last;
                        while (true) {
                                exvector::iterator it2 = it + 1;

-                               if (!is_ex_of_type(it->op(0), diracgamma5) && is_ex_of_type(it2->op(0), diracgamma5)) {
-                                       it->swap(*it2);
-                                       sign = -sign;
-                                       something_changed = true;
+                               if (is_a<clifford>(*it) && is_a<clifford>(*it2)) {
+                                       ex e1 = it->op(0), e2 = it2->op(0);
+
+                                       if (is_a<diracgamma5>(e2)) {
+
+                                               if (is_a<diracgammaL>(e1) || is_a<diracgammaR>(e1)) {
+
+                                                       // gammaL/R gamma5 -> gamma5 gammaL/R
+                                                       it->swap(*it2);
+                                                       something_changed = true;
+
+                                               } else if (!is_a<diracgamma5>(e1)) {
+
+                                                       // gamma5 gamma5 -> gamma5 gamma5 (do nothing)
+                                                       // x gamma5 -> -gamma5 x
+                                                       it->swap(*it2);
+                                                       sign = -sign;
+                                                       something_changed = true;
+                                               }
+
+                                       } else if (is_a<diracgammaL>(e2)) {
+
+                                               if (is_a<diracgammaR>(e1)) {
+
+                                                       // gammaR gammaL -> 0
+                                                       return _ex0;
+
+                                               } else if (!is_a<diracgammaL>(e1) && !is_a<diracgamma5>(e1)) {
+
+                                                       // gammaL gammaL -> gammaL gammaL (do nothing)
+                                                       // gamma5 gammaL -> gamma5 gammaL (do nothing)
+                                                       // x gammaL -> gammaR x
+                                                       it->swap(*it2);
+                                                       *it = clifford(diracgammaR(), ex_to<clifford>(*it).get_representation_label());
+                                                       something_changed = true;
+                                               }
+
+                                       } else if (is_a<diracgammaR>(e2)) {
+
+                                               if (is_a<diracgammaL>(e1)) {
+
+                                                       // gammaL gammaR -> 0
+                                                       return _ex0;
+
+                                               } else if (!is_a<diracgammaR>(e1) && !is_a<diracgamma5>(e1)) {
+
+                                                       // gammaR gammaR -> gammaR gammaR (do nothing)
+                                                       // gamma5 gammaR -> gamma5 gammaR (do nothing)
+                                                       // x gammaR -> gammaL x
+                                                       it->swap(*it2);
+                                                       *it = clifford(diracgammaL(), ex_to<clifford>(*it).get_representation_label());
+                                                       something_changed = true;
+                                               }
+                                       }

                                }
                                if (it == first)
                                        break;
                                }
                                if (it == first)
                                        break;

-                               it--;
+                               --it;

                        }
                        if (next_to_last == first)
                                break;
                        }
                        if (next_to_last == first)
                                break;

-                       next_to_last--;
+                       --next_to_last;

                }
        }
 
                }
        }
 

-       // Remove squares of gamma5
-       while (s.size() >= 2 && is_ex_of_type(s[0].op(0), diracgamma5) && is_ex_of_type(s[1].op(0), diracgamma5)) {
-               s.erase(s.begin(), s.begin() + 2);
-               something_changed = true;
-       }
-

        // Remove equal adjacent gammas
        if (s.size() >= 2) {
        // Remove equal adjacent gammas
        if (s.size() >= 2) {

-               exvector::iterator it = s.begin(), itend = s.end() - 1;
-               while (it != itend) {
+               exvector::iterator it, itend = s.end() - 1;
+               for (it = s.begin(); it != itend; ++it) {

                        ex & a = it[0];
                        ex & b = it[1];
                        ex & a = it[0];
                        ex & b = it[1];

-                       if (is_ex_of_type(a.op(0), diracgamma) && is_ex_of_type(b.op(0), diracgamma)) {
+                       if (!is_a<clifford>(a) || !is_a<clifford>(b))
+                               continue;
+
+                       const ex & ag = a.op(0);
+                       const ex & bg = b.op(0);
+                       bool a_is_diracgamma = is_a<diracgamma>(ag);
+                       bool b_is_diracgamma = is_a<diracgamma>(bg);
+
+                       if (a_is_diracgamma && b_is_diracgamma) {
+

                                const ex & ia = a.op(1);
                                const ex & ib = b.op(1);
                                const ex & ia = a.op(1);
                                const ex & ib = b.op(1);

-                               if (ia.is_equal(ib)) {
+                               if (ia.is_equal(ib)) { // gamma~alpha gamma~alpha -> g~alpha~alpha

                                        a = lorentz_g(ia, ib);
                                        b = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
                                        something_changed = true;
                                }
                                        a = lorentz_g(ia, ib);
                                        b = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
                                        something_changed = true;
                                }

+
+                       } else if ((is_a<diracgamma5>(ag) && is_a<diracgamma5>(bg))) {
+
+                               // Remove squares of gamma5
+                               a = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
+                               b = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
+                               something_changed = true;
+
+                       } else if ((is_a<diracgammaL>(ag) && is_a<diracgammaL>(bg))
+                               || (is_a<diracgammaR>(ag) && is_a<diracgammaR>(bg))) {
+
+                               // Remove squares of gammaL/R
+                               b = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
+                               something_changed = true;
+
+                       } else if (is_a<diracgammaL>(ag) && is_a<diracgammaR>(bg)) {
+
+                               // gammaL and gammaR are orthogonal
+                               return _ex0;
+
+                       } else if (is_a<diracgamma5>(ag) && is_a<diracgammaL>(bg)) {
+
+                               // gamma5 gammaL -> -gammaL
+                               a = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
+                               sign = -sign;
+                               something_changed = true;
+
+                       } else if (is_a<diracgamma5>(ag) && is_a<diracgammaR>(bg)) {
+
+                               // gamma5 gammaR -> gammaR
+                               a = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
+                               something_changed = true;
+
+                       } else if (!a_is_diracgamma && !b_is_diracgamma && ag.is_equal(bg)) {
+
+                               // a\ a\ -> a^2
+                               varidx ix((new symbol)->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated), ex_to<idx>(a.op(1)).get_dim());
+                               a = indexed(ag, ix) * indexed(ag, ix.toggle_variance());
+                               b = dirac_ONE(representation_label);
+                               something_changed = true;

                        }
                        }

-                       it++;

                }
        }
 
                }
        }
 

-       if (s.size() == 0)
+       if (s.empty())

                return clifford(diracone(), representation_label) * sign;
        if (something_changed)
                return nonsimplified_ncmul(s) * sign;
                return clifford(diracone(), representation_label) * sign;
        if (something_changed)
                return nonsimplified_ncmul(s) * sign;


@@ -305,7 +470,7 @@ ex dirac_ONE(unsigned char rl)
 
 ex dirac_gamma(const ex & mu, unsigned char rl)
 {
 
 ex dirac_gamma(const ex & mu, unsigned char rl)
 {

-       if (!is_ex_of_type(mu, varidx))
+       if (!is_a<varidx>(mu))

                throw(std::invalid_argument("index of Dirac gamma must be of type varidx"));
 
        return clifford(diracgamma(), mu, rl);
                throw(std::invalid_argument("index of Dirac gamma must be of type varidx"));
 
        return clifford(diracgamma(), mu, rl);


@@ -316,6 +481,16 @@ ex dirac_gamma5(unsigned char rl)
        return clifford(diracgamma5(), rl);
 }
 
        return clifford(diracgamma5(), rl);
 }
 

+ex dirac_gammaL(unsigned char rl)
+{
+       return clifford(diracgammaL(), rl);
+}
+
+ex dirac_gammaR(unsigned char rl)
+{
+       return clifford(diracgammaR(), rl);
+}
+

 ex dirac_gamma6(unsigned char rl)
 {
        return clifford(diracone(), rl) + clifford(diracgamma5(), rl);
 ex dirac_gamma6(unsigned char rl)
 {
        return clifford(diracone(), rl) + clifford(diracgamma5(), rl);


@@ -328,8 +503,10 @@ ex dirac_gamma7(unsigned char rl)
 
 ex dirac_slash(const ex & e, const ex & dim, unsigned char rl)
 {
 
 ex dirac_slash(const ex & e, const ex & dim, unsigned char rl)
 {

-       varidx mu((new symbol)->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated), dim);
-       return indexed(e, mu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(mu, rl);
+       // Slashed vectors are actually stored as a clifford object with the
+       // vector as its base expression and a (dummy) index that just serves
+       // for storing the space dimensionality
+       return clifford(e, varidx(0, dim), rl);

 }
 
 /** Check whether a given tinfo key (as returned by return_type_tinfo()
 }
 
 /** Check whether a given tinfo key (as returned by return_type_tinfo()


@@ -370,8 +547,8 @@ static ex trace_string(exvector::const_iterator ix, unsigned num)
        exvector v(num - 2);
        int sign = 1;
        ex result;
        exvector v(num - 2);
        int sign = 1;
        ex result;

-       for (int i=1; i<num; i++) {
-               for (int n=1, j=0; n<num; n++) {
+       for (unsigned i=1; i<num; i++) {
+               for (unsigned n=1, j=0; n<num; n++) {

                        if (n == i)
                                continue;
                        v[j++] = ix[n];
                        if (n == i)
                                continue;
                        v[j++] = ix[n];


@@ -384,21 +561,24 @@ static ex trace_string(exvector::const_iterator ix, unsigned num)
 
 ex dirac_trace(const ex & e, unsigned char rl, const ex & trONE)
 {
 
 ex dirac_trace(const ex & e, unsigned char rl, const ex & trONE)
 {

-       if (is_ex_of_type(e, clifford)) {
+       if (is_a<clifford>(e)) {

 
 

-               if (ex_to_clifford(e).get_representation_label() == rl
-                && is_ex_of_type(e.op(0), diracone))
+               if (!ex_to<clifford>(e).get_representation_label() == rl)
+                       return _ex0;
+               const ex & g = e.op(0);
+               if (is_a<diracone>(g))

                        return trONE;
                        return trONE;

+               else if (is_a<diracgammaL>(g) || is_a<diracgammaR>(g))
+                       return trONE/2;

                else
                else

-                       return _ex0();
+                       return _ex0;

 
        } else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e, mul)) {
 
                // Trace of product: pull out non-clifford factors
 
        } else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e, mul)) {
 
                // Trace of product: pull out non-clifford factors

-               ex prod = _ex1();
+               ex prod = _ex1;

                for (unsigned i=0; i<e.nops(); i++) {
                        const ex &o = e.op(i);
                for (unsigned i=0; i<e.nops(); i++) {
                        const ex &o = e.op(i);

-                       unsigned ti = o.return_type_tinfo();

                        if (is_clifford_tinfo(o.return_type_tinfo(), rl))
                                prod *= dirac_trace(o, rl, trONE);
                        else
                        if (is_clifford_tinfo(o.return_type_tinfo(), rl))
                                prod *= dirac_trace(o, rl, trONE);
                        else


@@ -409,15 +589,18 @@ ex dirac_trace(const ex & e, unsigned char rl, const ex & trONE)
        } else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e, ncmul)) {
 
                if (!is_clifford_tinfo(e.return_type_tinfo(), rl))
        } else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e, ncmul)) {
 
                if (!is_clifford_tinfo(e.return_type_tinfo(), rl))

-                       return _ex0();
-
-               // Expand product, if necessary
-               ex e_expanded = e.expand();
-               if (!is_ex_of_type(e_expanded, ncmul))
+                       return _ex0;
+
+               // Substitute gammaL/R and expand product, if necessary
+               ex e_expanded = e.subs(lst(
+                       dirac_gammaL(rl) == (dirac_ONE(rl)-dirac_gamma5(rl))/2,
+                       dirac_gammaR(rl) == (dirac_ONE(rl)+dirac_gamma5(rl))/2
+               )).expand();
+               if (!is_a<ncmul>(e_expanded))

                        return dirac_trace(e_expanded, rl, trONE);
 
                // gamma5 gets moved to the front so this check is enough
                        return dirac_trace(e_expanded, rl, trONE);
 
                // gamma5 gets moved to the front so this check is enough

-               bool has_gamma5 = is_ex_of_type(e.op(0).op(0), diracgamma5);
+               bool has_gamma5 = is_a<diracgamma5>(e.op(0).op(0));

                unsigned num = e.nops();
 
                if (has_gamma5) {
                unsigned num = e.nops();
 
                if (has_gamma5) {


@@ -425,64 +608,74 @@ ex dirac_trace(const ex & e, unsigned char rl, const ex & trONE)
                        // Trace of gamma5 * odd number of gammas and trace of
                        // gamma5 * gamma.mu * gamma.nu are zero
                        if ((num & 1) == 0 || num == 3)
                        // Trace of gamma5 * odd number of gammas and trace of
                        // gamma5 * gamma.mu * gamma.nu are zero
                        if ((num & 1) == 0 || num == 3)

-                               return _ex0();
+                               return _ex0;

 
                        // Tr gamma5 gamma.mu gamma.nu gamma.rho gamma.sigma = 4I * epsilon(mu, nu, rho, sigma)
 
                        // Tr gamma5 gamma.mu gamma.nu gamma.rho gamma.sigma = 4I * epsilon(mu, nu, rho, sigma)

-                       if (num == 5)
-                               return trONE * I * eps0123(e.op(1).op(1), e.op(2).op(1), e.op(3).op(1), e.op(4).op(1));
+                       // (the epsilon is always 4-dimensional)
+                       if (num == 5) {
+                               ex b1, i1, b2, i2, b3, i3, b4, i4;
+                               base_and_index(e.op(1), b1, i1);
+                               base_and_index(e.op(2), b2, i2);
+                               base_and_index(e.op(3), b3, i3);
+                               base_and_index(e.op(4), b4, i4);
+                               return trONE * I * (lorentz_eps(ex_to<idx>(i1).replace_dim(_ex4), ex_to<idx>(i2).replace_dim(_ex4), ex_to<idx>(i3).replace_dim(_ex4), ex_to<idx>(i4).replace_dim(_ex4)) * b1 * b2 * b3 * b4).simplify_indexed();
+                       }

 
                        // Tr gamma5 S_2k =
                        //   I/4! * epsilon0123.mu1.mu2.mu3.mu4 * Tr gamma.mu1 gamma.mu2 gamma.mu3 gamma.mu4 S_2k
 
                        // Tr gamma5 S_2k =
                        //   I/4! * epsilon0123.mu1.mu2.mu3.mu4 * Tr gamma.mu1 gamma.mu2 gamma.mu3 gamma.mu4 S_2k

-                       exvector ix;
-                       ix.reserve(num - 1);
+                       // (the epsilon is always 4-dimensional)
+                       exvector ix(num-1), bv(num-1);

                        for (unsigned i=1; i<num; i++)
                        for (unsigned i=1; i<num; i++)

-                               ix.push_back(e.op(i).op(1));
+                               base_and_index(e.op(i), bv[i-1], ix[i-1]);

                        num--;
                        int *iv = new int[num];
                        ex result;
                        num--;
                        int *iv = new int[num];
                        ex result;

-                       for (int i=0; i<num-3; i++) {
+                       for (unsigned i=0; i<num-3; i++) {

                                ex idx1 = ix[i];
                                ex idx1 = ix[i];

-                               for (int j=i+1; j<num-2; j++) {
+                               for (unsigned j=i+1; j<num-2; j++) {

                                        ex idx2 = ix[j];
                                        ex idx2 = ix[j];

-                                       for (int k=j+1; k<num-1; k++) {
+                                       for (unsigned k=j+1; k<num-1; k++) {

                                                ex idx3 = ix[k];
                                                ex idx3 = ix[k];

-                                               for (int l=k+1; l<num; l++) {
+                                               for (unsigned l=k+1; l<num; l++) {

                                                        ex idx4 = ix[l];
                                                        iv[0] = i; iv[1] = j; iv[2] = k; iv[3] = l;
                                                        exvector v;
                                                        v.reserve(num - 4);
                                                        ex idx4 = ix[l];
                                                        iv[0] = i; iv[1] = j; iv[2] = k; iv[3] = l;
                                                        exvector v;
                                                        v.reserve(num - 4);

-                                                       for (int n=0, t=4; n<num; n++) {
+                                                       for (unsigned n=0, t=4; n<num; n++) {

                                                                if (n == i || n == j || n == k || n == l)
                                                                        continue;
                                                                iv[t++] = n;
                                                                v.push_back(ix[n]);
                                                        }
                                                        int sign = permutation_sign(iv, iv + num);
                                                                if (n == i || n == j || n == k || n == l)
                                                                        continue;
                                                                iv[t++] = n;
                                                                v.push_back(ix[n]);
                                                        }
                                                        int sign = permutation_sign(iv, iv + num);

-                                                       result += sign * eps0123(idx1, idx2, idx3, idx4)
+                                                       result += sign * lorentz_eps(ex_to<idx>(idx1).replace_dim(_ex4), ex_to<idx>(idx2).replace_dim(_ex4), ex_to<idx>(idx3).replace_dim(_ex4), ex_to<idx>(idx4).replace_dim(_ex4))

                                                                * trace_string(v.begin(), num - 4);
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                        delete[] iv;
                                                                * trace_string(v.begin(), num - 4);
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                        delete[] iv;

-                       return trONE * I * result;
+                       return trONE * I * result * mul(bv);

 
                } else { // no gamma5
 
                        // Trace of odd number of gammas is zero
                        if ((num & 1) == 1)
 
                } else { // no gamma5
 
                        // Trace of odd number of gammas is zero
                        if ((num & 1) == 1)

-                               return _ex0();
+                               return _ex0;

 
                        // Tr gamma.mu gamma.nu = 4 g.mu.nu
 
                        // Tr gamma.mu gamma.nu = 4 g.mu.nu

-                       if (num == 2)
-                               return trONE * lorentz_g(e.op(0).op(1), e.op(1).op(1));
+                       if (num == 2) {
+                               ex b1, i1, b2, i2;
+                               base_and_index(e.op(0), b1, i1);
+                               base_and_index(e.op(1), b2, i2);
+                               return trONE * (lorentz_g(i1, i2) * b1 * b2).simplify_indexed();
+                       }

 
 

-                       exvector iv;
-                       iv.reserve(num);
+                       exvector iv(num), bv(num);

                        for (unsigned i=0; i<num; i++)
                        for (unsigned i=0; i<num; i++)

-                               iv.push_back(e.op(i).op(1));
+                               base_and_index(e.op(i), bv[i], iv[i]);

 
 

-                       return trONE * trace_string(iv.begin(), num);
+                       return trONE * (trace_string(iv.begin(), num) * mul(bv)).simplify_indexed();

                }
 
        } else if (e.nops() > 0) {
                }
 
        } else if (e.nops() > 0) {


@@ -492,7 +685,7 @@ ex dirac_trace(const ex & e, unsigned char rl, const ex & trONE)
                return e.map(fcn);
 
        } else
                return e.map(fcn);
 
        } else

-               return _ex0();
+               return _ex0;

 }
 
 ex canonicalize_clifford(const ex & e)
 }
 
 ex canonicalize_clifford(const ex & e)


@@ -511,11 +704,11 @@ ex canonicalize_clifford(const ex & e)
 
                        // Expand product, if necessary
                        ex rhs_expanded = rhs.expand();
 
                        // Expand product, if necessary
                        ex rhs_expanded = rhs.expand();

-                       if (!is_ex_of_type(rhs_expanded, ncmul)) {
+                       if (!is_a<ncmul>(rhs_expanded)) {

                                srl.let_op(i) = (lhs == canonicalize_clifford(rhs_expanded));
                                continue;
 
                                srl.let_op(i) = (lhs == canonicalize_clifford(rhs_expanded));
                                continue;
 

-                       } else if (!is_ex_of_type(rhs.op(0), clifford))
+                       } else if (!is_a<clifford>(rhs.op(0)))

                                continue;
 
                        exvector v;
                                continue;
 
                        exvector v;


@@ -525,13 +718,16 @@ ex canonicalize_clifford(const ex & e)
 
                        // Stupid recursive bubble sort because we only want to swap adjacent gammas
                        exvector::iterator it = v.begin(), next_to_last = v.end() - 1;
 
                        // Stupid recursive bubble sort because we only want to swap adjacent gammas
                        exvector::iterator it = v.begin(), next_to_last = v.end() - 1;

-                       if (is_ex_of_type(it->op(0), diracgamma5))
-                               it++;
+                       if (is_a<diracgamma5>(it->op(0)))
+                               ++it;

                        while (it != next_to_last) {
                        while (it != next_to_last) {

-                               if (it[0].op(1).compare(it[1].op(1)) > 0) {
+                               if (it[0].compare(it[1]) > 0) {

                                        ex save0 = it[0], save1 = it[1];
                                        ex save0 = it[0], save1 = it[1];

-                                       it[0] = lorentz_g(it[0].op(1), it[1].op(1));
-                                       it[1] = _ex2();
+                                       ex b1, i1, b2, i2;
+                                       base_and_index(it[0], b1, i1);
+                                       base_and_index(it[1], b2, i2);
+                                       it[0] = (lorentz_g(i1, i2) * b1 * b2).simplify_indexed();
+                                       it[1] = _ex2;

                                        ex sum = ncmul(v);
                                        it[0] = save1;
                                        it[1] = save0;
                                        ex sum = ncmul(v);
                                        it[0] = save1;
                                        it[1] = save0;


@@ -539,12 +735,12 @@ ex canonicalize_clifford(const ex & e)
                                        srl.let_op(i) = (lhs == canonicalize_clifford(sum));
                                        goto next_sym;
                                }
                                        srl.let_op(i) = (lhs == canonicalize_clifford(sum));
                                        goto next_sym;
                                }

-                               it++;
+                               ++it;

                        }
 next_sym:      ;
                }
        }
                        }
 next_sym:      ;
                }
        }

-       return aux.subs(srl);
+       return aux.subs(srl).simplify_indexed();

 }
 
 } // namespace GiNaC
 }
 
 } // namespace GiNaC