]> www.ginac.de Git - ginac.git/blobdiff - ginac/add.cpp
Add trivial shortcuts in expair plumbing of class add.
[ginac.git] / ginac / add.cpp
index 574a8e8ec662eb96e71f5414dcce322a4e59776b..ccd49240d3ba9e3713479d3baa6f8d446a6182b8 100644 (file)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *  Implementation of GiNaC's sums of expressions. */
 
 /*
- *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
+ *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2015 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
  *
  *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  *
  *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  *  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
- *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+ *  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
  */
 
-#include <iostream>
-#include <stdexcept>
-
 #include "add.h"
 #include "mul.h"
 #include "archive.h"
-#include "debugmsg.h"
+#include "operators.h"
+#include "matrix.h"
 #include "utils.h"
+#include "clifford.h"
+#include "ncmul.h"
+#include "compiler.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
 
-#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 namespace GiNaC {
-#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 
-GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(add, expairseq)
+GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS_OPT(add, expairseq,
+  print_func<print_context>(&add::do_print).
+  print_func<print_latex>(&add::do_print_latex).
+  print_func<print_csrc>(&add::do_print_csrc).
+  print_func<print_tree>(&add::do_print_tree).
+  print_func<print_python_repr>(&add::do_print_python_repr))
 
 //////////
-// default constructor, destructor, copy constructor assignment operator and helpers
+// default constructor
 //////////
 
-// public
-
 add::add()
 {
-       debugmsg("add default constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-}
-
-// protected
-
-void add::copy(const add & other)
-{
-       inherited::copy(other);
-}
-
-void add::destroy(bool call_parent)
-{
-       if (call_parent) inherited::destroy(call_parent);
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -67,65 +60,37 @@ void add::destroy(bool call_parent)
 
 add::add(const ex & lh, const ex & rh)
 {
-       debugmsg("add constructor from ex,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-       overall_coeff = _ex0();
+       overall_coeff = _ex0;
        construct_from_2_ex(lh,rh);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
 add::add(const exvector & v)
 {
-       debugmsg("add constructor from exvector",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-       overall_coeff = _ex0();
+       overall_coeff = _ex0;
        construct_from_exvector(v);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
-/*
-add::add(const epvector & v, bool do_not_canonicalize)
-{
-       debugmsg("add constructor from epvector,bool",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-       if (do_not_canonicalize) {
-               seq=v;
-#ifdef EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-               combine_same_terms(); // to build hashtab
-#endif // def EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-       } else {
-               construct_from_epvector(v);
-       }
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
-}
-*/
-
 add::add(const epvector & v)
 {
-       debugmsg("add constructor from epvector",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-       overall_coeff = _ex0();
+       overall_coeff = _ex0;
        construct_from_epvector(v);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
 add::add(const epvector & v, const ex & oc)
 {
-       debugmsg("add constructor from epvector,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
        overall_coeff = oc;
        construct_from_epvector(v);
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
-add::add(epvector * vp, const ex & oc)
+add::add(std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp, const ex & oc)
 {
-       debugmsg("add constructor from epvector *,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-       GINAC_ASSERT(vp!=0);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(vp.get()!=0);
        overall_coeff = oc;
        construct_from_epvector(*vp);
-       delete vp;
        GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
@@ -133,137 +98,124 @@ add::add(epvector * vp, const ex & oc)
 // archiving
 //////////
 
-/** Construct object from archive_node. */
-add::add(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
-{
-       debugmsg("add constructor from archive_node", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-}
-
-/** Unarchive the object. */
-ex add::unarchive(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst)
-{
-       return (new add(n, sym_lst))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-}
-
-/** Archive the object. */
-void add::archive(archive_node &n) const
-{
-       inherited::archive(n);
-}
+GINAC_BIND_UNARCHIVER(add);
 
 //////////
-// functions overriding virtual functions from bases classes
+// functions overriding virtual functions from base classes
 //////////
 
 // public
 
-basic * add::duplicate() const
+void add::print_add(const print_context & c, const char *openbrace, const char *closebrace, const char *mul_sym, unsigned level) const
 {
-       debugmsg("add duplicate",LOGLEVEL_DUPLICATE);
-       return new add(*this);
-}
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << openbrace << '(';
 
-void add::print(std::ostream & os, unsigned upper_precedence) const
-{
-       debugmsg("add print",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-       if (precedence<=upper_precedence) os << "(";
        numeric coeff;
        bool first = true;
-       // first print the overall numeric coefficient, if present:
+
+       // First print the overall numeric coefficient, if present
        if (!overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
-               os << overall_coeff;
+               overall_coeff.print(c, 0);
                first = false;
        }
-       // then proceed with the remaining factors:
-       for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-               coeff = ex_to_numeric(cit->coeff);
+
+       // Then proceed with the remaining factors
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
+       while (it != itend) {
+               coeff = ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff);
                if (!first) {
-                       if (coeff.csgn()==-1) os << '-'; else os << '+';
+                       if (coeff.csgn() == -1) c.s << '-'; else c.s << '+';
                } else {
-                       if (coeff.csgn()==-1) os << '-';
+                       if (coeff.csgn() == -1) c.s << '-';
                        first = false;
                }
-               if (!coeff.is_equal(_num1()) &&
-                   !coeff.is_equal(_num_1())) {
+               if (!coeff.is_equal(*_num1_p) &&
+                   !coeff.is_equal(*_num_1_p)) {
                        if (coeff.is_rational()) {
                                if (coeff.is_negative())
-                                       os << -coeff;
+                                       (-coeff).print(c);
                                else
-                                       os << coeff;
+                                       coeff.print(c);
                        } else {
-                               if (coeff.csgn()==-1)
-                                       (-coeff).print(os, precedence);
+                               if (coeff.csgn() == -1)
+                                       (-coeff).print(c, precedence());
                                else
-                                       coeff.print(os, precedence);
+                                       coeff.print(c, precedence());
                        }
-                       os << '*';
+                       c.s << mul_sym;
                }
-               cit->rest.print(os, precedence);
+               it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+               ++it;
        }
-       if (precedence<=upper_precedence) os << ")";
+
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << ')' << closebrace;
 }
 
-void add::printraw(std::ostream & os) const
+void add::do_print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
 {
-       debugmsg("add printraw",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-
-       os << "+(";
-       for (epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-               os << "(";
-               (*it).rest.bp->printraw(os);
-               os << ",";
-               (*it).coeff.bp->printraw(os);        
-               os << "),";
-       }
-       os << ",hash=" << hashvalue << ",flags=" << flags;
-       os << ")";
+       print_add(c, "", "", "*", level);
 }
 
-void add::printcsrc(std::ostream & os, unsigned type, unsigned upper_precedence) const
+void add::do_print_latex(const print_latex & c, unsigned level) const
 {
-       debugmsg("add print csrc", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-       if (precedence <= upper_precedence)
-               os << "(";
+       print_add(c, "{", "}", " ", level);
+}
 
-       // Print arguments, separated by "+"
-       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin();
-       epvector::const_iterator itend = seq.end();
+void add::do_print_csrc(const print_csrc & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << "(";
+       
+       // Print arguments, separated by "+" or "-"
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
+       char separator = ' ';
        while (it != itend) {
-
-               // If the coefficient is -1, it is replaced by a single minus sign
-               if (it->coeff.compare(_num1()) == 0) {
-                       it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-               } else if (it->coeff.compare(_num_1()) == 0) {
-                       os << "-";
-                       it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-               } else if (ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).numer().compare(_num1()) == 0) {
-                       it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-                       os << "/";
-                       ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).denom().printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-               } else if (ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).numer().compare(_num_1()) == 0) {
-                       os << "-";
-                       it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-                       os << "/";
-                       ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).denom().printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
+               
+               // If the coefficient is negative, separator is "-"
+               if (it->coeff.is_equal(_ex_1) || 
+                       ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).numer().is_equal(*_num_1_p))
+                       separator = '-';
+               c.s << separator;
+               if (it->coeff.is_equal(_ex1) || it->coeff.is_equal(_ex_1)) {
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+               } else if (ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).numer().is_equal(*_num1_p) ||
+                                ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).numer().is_equal(*_num_1_p))
+               {
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+                       c.s << '/';
+                       ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).denom().print(c, precedence());
                } else {
-                       it->coeff.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-                       os << "*";
-                       it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
+                       it->coeff.print(c, precedence());
+                       c.s << '*';
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
                }
-
-               // Separator is "+", except if the following expression would have a leading minus sign
-               it++;
-               if (it != itend && !(it->coeff.compare(_num0()) < 0 || (it->coeff.compare(_num1()) == 0 && is_ex_exactly_of_type(it->rest, numeric) && it->rest.compare(_num0()) < 0)))
-                       os << "+";
+               
+               ++it;
+               separator = '+';
        }
        
-       if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
-               if (overall_coeff.info(info_flags::positive)) os << '+';
-               overall_coeff.bp->printcsrc(os,type,precedence);
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
+               if (overall_coeff.info(info_flags::positive)
+                || is_a<print_csrc_cl_N>(c) || !overall_coeff.info(info_flags::real))  // sign inside ctor argument
+                       c.s << '+';
+               overall_coeff.print(c, precedence());
        }
-       
-       if (precedence <= upper_precedence)
-               os << ")";
+               
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << ")";
+}
+
+void add::do_print_python_repr(const print_python_repr & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       c.s << class_name() << '(';
+       op(0).print(c);
+       for (size_t i=1; i<nops(); ++i) {
+               c.s << ',';
+               op(i).print(c);
+       }
+       c.s << ')';
 }
 
 bool add::info(unsigned inf) const
@@ -273,18 +225,34 @@ bool add::info(unsigned inf) const
                case info_flags::integer_polynomial:
                case info_flags::cinteger_polynomial:
                case info_flags::rational_polynomial:
+               case info_flags::real:
+               case info_flags::rational:
+               case info_flags::integer:
+               case info_flags::crational:
+               case info_flags::cinteger:
+               case info_flags::positive:
+               case info_flags::nonnegative:
+               case info_flags::posint:
+               case info_flags::nonnegint:
+               case info_flags::even:
                case info_flags::crational_polynomial:
                case info_flags::rational_function: {
-                       for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i) {
+                       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+                       while (i != end) {
                                if (!(recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).info(inf)))
                                        return false;
+                               ++i;
                        }
+                       if (overall_coeff.is_zero() && (inf == info_flags::positive || inf == info_flags::posint))
+                               return true;
                        return overall_coeff.info(inf);
                }
                case info_flags::algebraic: {
-                       for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i) {
+                       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+                       while (i != end) {
                                if ((recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).info(inf)))
                                        return true;
+                               ++i;
                        }
                        return false;
                }
@@ -292,119 +260,270 @@ bool add::info(unsigned inf) const
        return inherited::info(inf);
 }
 
-int add::degree(const symbol & s) const
+bool add::is_polynomial(const ex & var) const
 {
-       int deg = INT_MIN;
-       if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
-               deg = 0;
-       }
-       int cur_deg;
-       for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-               cur_deg=(*cit).rest.degree(s);
-               if (cur_deg>deg) deg=cur_deg;
+       for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i) {
+               if (!(i->rest).is_polynomial(var)) {
+                       return false;
+               }
        }
-       return deg;
+       return true;
 }
 
-int add::ldegree(const symbol & s) const
+int add::degree(const ex & s) const
 {
-       int deg = INT_MAX;
-       if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
+       int deg = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero())
                deg = 0;
-       }
-       int cur_deg;
-       for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-               cur_deg = (*cit).rest.ldegree(s);
-               if (cur_deg<deg) deg=cur_deg;
+       
+       // Find maximum of degrees of individual terms
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               int cur_deg = i->rest.degree(s);
+               if (cur_deg > deg)
+                       deg = cur_deg;
+               ++i;
        }
        return deg;
 }
 
-ex add::coeff(const symbol & s, int n) const
+int add::ldegree(const ex & s) const
 {
-       epvector coeffseq;
-       coeffseq.reserve(seq.size());
-
-       epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin();
-       while (it!=seq.end()) {
-               coeffseq.push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*it).rest.coeff(s,n),
-                                                                (*it).coeff));
-               ++it;
+       int deg = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero())
+               deg = 0;
+       
+       // Find minimum of degrees of individual terms
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               int cur_deg = i->rest.ldegree(s);
+               if (cur_deg < deg)
+                       deg = cur_deg;
+               ++i;
        }
-       if (n==0) {
-               return (new add(coeffseq,overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return deg;
+}
+
+ex add::coeff(const ex & s, int n) const
+{
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> coeffseq(new epvector);
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> coeffseq_cliff(new epvector);
+       int rl = clifford_max_label(s);
+       bool do_clifford = (rl != -1);
+       bool nonscalar = false;
+
+       // Calculate sum of coefficients in each term
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               ex restcoeff = i->rest.coeff(s, n);
+               if (!restcoeff.is_zero()) {
+                       if (do_clifford) {
+                               if (clifford_max_label(restcoeff) == -1) {
+                                       coeffseq_cliff->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(ncmul(restcoeff, dirac_ONE(rl)), i->coeff));
+                               } else {
+                                       coeffseq_cliff->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(restcoeff, i->coeff));
+                                       nonscalar = true;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       coeffseq->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(restcoeff, i->coeff));
+               }
+               ++i;
        }
-       return (new add(coeffseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+
+       return (new add(nonscalar ? coeffseq_cliff : coeffseq,
+                       n==0 ? overall_coeff : _ex0))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
+/** Perform automatic term rewriting rules in this class.  In the following
+ *  x stands for a symbolic variables of type ex and c stands for such
+ *  an expression that contain a plain number.
+ *  - +(;c) -> c
+ *  - +(x;0) -> x
+ *
+ *  @param level cut-off in recursive evaluation */
 ex add::eval(int level) const
 {
-       // simplifications: +(;c) -> c
-       //                  +(x;1) -> x
-
-       debugmsg("add eval",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-
-       epvector * evaled_seqp=evalchildren(level);
-       if (evaled_seqp!=0) {
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> evaled_seqp = evalchildren(level);
+       if (unlikely(evaled_seqp.get() != 0)) {
                // do more evaluation later
-               return (new add(evaled_seqp,overall_coeff))->
+               return (new add(evaled_seqp, overall_coeff))->
                       setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
        }
        
 #ifdef DO_GINAC_ASSERT
-       for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-               GINAC_ASSERT(!is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit).rest,add));
-               if (is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit).rest,numeric)) {
-                       dbgprint();
-               }
-               GINAC_ASSERT(!is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit).rest,numeric));
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               GINAC_ASSERT(!is_exactly_a<add>(i->rest));
+               ++i;
        }
 #endif // def DO_GINAC_ASSERT
        
        if (flags & status_flags::evaluated) {
                GINAC_ASSERT(seq.size()>0);
-               GINAC_ASSERT((seq.size()>1)||!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0()));
+               GINAC_ASSERT(seq.size()>1 || !overall_coeff.is_zero());
                return *this;
        }
        
-       int seq_size=seq.size();
-       if (seq_size==0) {
+       int seq_size = seq.size();
+       if (seq_size == 0) {
                // +(;c) -> c
                return overall_coeff;
-       } else if ((seq_size==1)&&overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
+       } else if (seq_size == 1 && overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
                // +(x;0) -> x
                return recombine_pair_to_ex(*(seq.begin()));
+       } else if (!overall_coeff.is_zero() && seq[0].rest.return_type() != return_types::commutative) {
+               throw (std::logic_error("add::eval(): sum of non-commutative objects has non-zero numeric term"));
+       }
+       
+       // if any terms in the sum still are purely numeric, then they are more
+       // appropriately collected into the overall coefficient
+       epvector::const_iterator last = seq.end();
+       epvector::const_iterator j = seq.begin();
+       int terms_to_collect = 0;
+       while (j != last) {
+               if (unlikely(is_a<numeric>(j->rest)))
+                       ++terms_to_collect;
+               ++j;
+       }
+       if (terms_to_collect) {
+               std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+               s->reserve(seq_size - terms_to_collect);
+               numeric oc = *_num1_p;
+               j = seq.begin();
+               while (j != last) {
+                       if (unlikely(is_a<numeric>(j->rest)))
+                               oc = oc.mul(ex_to<numeric>(j->rest)).mul(ex_to<numeric>(j->coeff));
+                       else
+                               s->push_back(*j);
+                       ++j;
+               }
+               return (new add(s, ex_to<numeric>(overall_coeff).add_dyn(oc)))
+                       ->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
        }
+       
        return this->hold();
 }
 
-exvector add::get_indices(void) const
+ex add::evalm() const
 {
-       // FIXME: all terms in the sum should have the same indices (compatible
-       // tensors) however this is not checked, since there is no function yet
-       // which compares indices (idxvector can be unsorted)
-       if (seq.size()==0) {
-               return exvector();
+       // Evaluate children first and add up all matrices. Stop if there's one
+       // term that is not a matrix.
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+       s->reserve(seq.size());
+
+       bool all_matrices = true;
+       bool first_term = true;
+       matrix sum;
+
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
+       while (it != itend) {
+               const ex &m = recombine_pair_to_ex(*it).evalm();
+               s->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(m));
+               if (is_a<matrix>(m)) {
+                       if (first_term) {
+                               sum = ex_to<matrix>(m);
+                               first_term = false;
+                       } else
+                               sum = sum.add(ex_to<matrix>(m));
+               } else
+                       all_matrices = false;
+               ++it;
        }
-       return (seq.begin())->rest.get_indices();
-}    
 
-ex add::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
+       if (all_matrices)
+               return sum + overall_coeff;
+       else
+               return (new add(s, overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+}
+
+ex add::conjugate() const
 {
-       if (seq.size()==0) {
-               return inherited::simplify_ncmul(v);
+       exvector *v = 0;
+       for (size_t i=0; i<nops(); ++i) {
+               if (v) {
+                       v->push_back(op(i).conjugate());
+                       continue;
+               }
+               ex term = op(i);
+               ex ccterm = term.conjugate();
+               if (are_ex_trivially_equal(term, ccterm))
+                       continue;
+               v = new exvector;
+               v->reserve(nops());
+               for (size_t j=0; j<i; ++j)
+                       v->push_back(op(j));
+               v->push_back(ccterm);
        }
-       return (*seq.begin()).rest.simplify_ncmul(v);
+       if (v) {
+               ex result = add(*v);
+               delete v;
+               return result;
+       }
+       return *this;
+}
+
+ex add::real_part() const
+{
+       epvector v;
+       v.reserve(seq.size());
+       for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i)
+               if ((i->coeff).info(info_flags::real)) {
+                       ex rp = (i->rest).real_part();
+                       if (!rp.is_zero())
+                               v.push_back(expair(rp, i->coeff));
+               } else {
+                       ex rp=recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).real_part();
+                       if (!rp.is_zero())
+                               v.push_back(split_ex_to_pair(rp));
+               }
+       return (new add(v, overall_coeff.real_part()))
+               -> setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+}
+
+ex add::imag_part() const
+{
+       epvector v;
+       v.reserve(seq.size());
+       for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i)
+               if ((i->coeff).info(info_flags::real)) {
+                       ex ip = (i->rest).imag_part();
+                       if (!ip.is_zero())
+                               v.push_back(expair(ip, i->coeff));
+               } else {
+                       ex ip=recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).imag_part();
+                       if (!ip.is_zero())
+                               v.push_back(split_ex_to_pair(ip));
+               }
+       return (new add(v, overall_coeff.imag_part()))
+               -> setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+}
+
+ex add::eval_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
+{
+       if (seq.empty())
+               return inherited::eval_ncmul(v);
+       else
+               return seq.begin()->rest.eval_ncmul(v);
 }    
 
 // protected
 
 /** Implementation of ex::diff() for a sum. It differentiates each term.
  *  @see ex::diff */
-ex add::derivative(const symbol & s) const
+ex add::derivative(const symbol & y) const
 {
-       // D(a+b+c)=D(a)+D(b)+D(c)
-       return (new add(diffchildren(s)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+       s->reserve(seq.size());
+       
+       // Only differentiate the "rest" parts of the expairs. This is faster
+       // than the default implementation in basic::derivative() although
+       // if performs the same function (differentiate each term).
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(i->rest.diff(y), i->coeff));
+               ++i;
+       }
+       return (new add(s, _ex0))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 int add::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
@@ -412,122 +531,110 @@ int add::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
        return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
 }
 
-bool add::is_equal_same_type(const basic & other) const
-{
-       return inherited::is_equal_same_type(other);
-}
-
-unsigned add::return_type(void) const
+unsigned add::return_type() const
 {
-       if (seq.size()==0) {
+       if (seq.empty())
                return return_types::commutative;
-       }
-       return (*seq.begin()).rest.return_type();
+       else
+               return seq.begin()->rest.return_type();
 }
-   
-unsigned add::return_type_tinfo(void) const
+
+return_type_t add::return_type_tinfo() const
 {
-       if (seq.size()==0) {
-               return tinfo_key;
-       }
-       return (*seq.begin()).rest.return_type_tinfo();
+       if (seq.empty())
+               return make_return_type_t<add>();
+       else
+               return seq.begin()->rest.return_type_tinfo();
 }
 
-ex add::thisexpairseq(const epvector & v, const ex & oc) const
+// Note: do_index_renaming is ignored because it makes no sense for an add.
+ex add::thisexpairseq(const epvector & v, const ex & oc, bool do_index_renaming) const
 {
        return (new add(v,oc))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
-ex add::thisexpairseq(epvector * vp, const ex & oc) const
+// Note: do_index_renaming is ignored because it makes no sense for an add.
+ex add::thisexpairseq(std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp, const ex & oc, bool do_index_renaming) const
 {
        return (new add(vp,oc))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 expair add::split_ex_to_pair(const ex & e) const
 {
-       if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)) {
-               const mul & mulref=ex_to_mul(e);
-               ex numfactor=mulref.overall_coeff;
-               // mul * mulcopyp=static_cast<mul *>(mulref.duplicate());
-               mul * mulcopyp=new mul(mulref);
-               mulcopyp->overall_coeff=_ex1();
+       if (is_exactly_a<mul>(e)) {
+               const mul &mulref(ex_to<mul>(e));
+               const ex &numfactor = mulref.overall_coeff;
+               if (numfactor.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(e, _ex1);
+               mul *mulcopyp = new mul(mulref);
+               mulcopyp->overall_coeff = _ex1;
                mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
                mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
-               return expair(mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),numfactor);
+               mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               return expair(*mulcopyp,numfactor);
        }
-       return expair(e,_ex1());
+       return expair(e,_ex1);
 }
 
 expair add::combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(const ex & e,
-                                                                                 const ex & c) const
-{
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c, numeric));
-       ex one = _ex1();
-       if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e, mul)) {
-               const mul &mulref = ex_to_mul(e);
-               ex numfactor = mulref.overall_coeff;
+                                          const ex & c) const
+{
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
+       if (is_exactly_a<mul>(e)) {
+               const mul &mulref(ex_to<mul>(e));
+               const ex &numfactor = mulref.overall_coeff;
+               if (numfactor.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(e, c);
                mul *mulcopyp = new mul(mulref);
-               mulcopyp->overall_coeff = one;
+               mulcopyp->overall_coeff = _ex1;
                mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
                mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
                mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-               if (are_ex_trivially_equal(c, one)) {
+               if (c.is_equal(_ex1))
                        return expair(*mulcopyp, numfactor);
-               } else if (are_ex_trivially_equal(numfactor, one)) {
-                       return expair(*mulcopyp, c);
-               }
-               return expair(*mulcopyp, ex_to_numeric(numfactor).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)));
-       } else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e, numeric)) {
-               if (are_ex_trivially_equal(c, one)) {
-                       return expair(e, one);
-               }
-               return expair(ex_to_numeric(e).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)), one);
+               else
+                       return expair(*mulcopyp, ex_to<numeric>(numfactor).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)));
+       } else if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(e)) {
+               if (c.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(e, _ex1);
+               if (e.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(c, _ex1);
+               return expair(ex_to<numeric>(e).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)), _ex1);
        }
        return expair(e, c);
 }
-       
+
 expair add::combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(const expair & p,
-                                                                                       const ex & c) const
+                                            const ex & c) const
 {
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(p.coeff,numeric));
-       GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c,numeric));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(p.coeff));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
 
-       if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(p.rest,numeric)) {
-               GINAC_ASSERT(ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).is_equal(_num1())); // should be normalized
-               return expair(ex_to_numeric(p.rest).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)),_ex1());
+       if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(p.rest)) {
+               GINAC_ASSERT(ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).is_equal(*_num1_p)); // should be normalized
+               return expair(ex_to<numeric>(p.rest).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)),_ex1);
        }
 
-       return expair(p.rest,ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)));
+       return expair(p.rest,ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)));
 }
-       
+
 ex add::recombine_pair_to_ex(const expair & p) const
 {
-       if (ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).is_equal(_num1()))
+       if (ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).is_equal(*_num1_p))
                return p.rest;
        else
-               return p.rest*p.coeff;
+               return (new mul(p.rest,p.coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 ex add::expand(unsigned options) const
 {
-       if (flags & status_flags::expanded)
-               return *this;
-       
-       epvector * vp = expandchildren(options);
-       if (vp==0)
-               return *this;
-       
-       return (new add(vp,overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::expanded | status_flags::dynallocated);
-}
-
-//////////
-// static member variables
-//////////
-
-// protected
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp = expandchildren(options);
+       if (vp.get() == 0) {
+               // the terms have not changed, so it is safe to declare this expanded
+               return (options == 0) ? setflag(status_flags::expanded) : *this;
+       }
 
-unsigned add::precedence = 40;
+       return (new add(vp, overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | (options == 0 ? status_flags::expanded : 0));
+}
 
-#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 } // namespace GiNaC
-#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC