]> www.ginac.de Git - ginac.git/blobdiff - ginac/add.cpp
Added complex conjugation methods and GiNaC function "conjugate".
[ginac.git] / ginac / add.cpp
index 8a7e9041fff631cfdb78d29bb833cad64e97d950..cb6c8031ec21f7d3f18826f3974c3ba226255f4d 100644 (file)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *  Implementation of GiNaC's sums of expressions. */
 
 /*
- *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
+ *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
  *
  *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 #include "add.h"
 #include "mul.h"
 #include "archive.h"
-#include "debugmsg.h"
+#include "operators.h"
+#include "matrix.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
-#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 namespace GiNaC {
-#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 
-GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(add, expairseq)
+GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS_OPT(add, expairseq,
+  print_func<print_context>(&add::do_print).
+  print_func<print_latex>(&add::do_print_latex).
+  print_func<print_csrc>(&add::do_print_csrc).
+  print_func<print_tree>(&inherited::do_print_tree).
+  print_func<print_python_repr>(&add::do_print_python_repr))
 
 //////////
-// default constructor, destructor, copy constructor assignment operator and helpers
+// default constructor
 //////////
 
-// public
-
 add::add()
 {
-    debugmsg("add default constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-}
-
-add::~add()
-{
-    debugmsg("add destructor",LOGLEVEL_DESTRUCT);
-    destroy(0);
-}
-
-add::add(const add & other)
-{
-    debugmsg("add copy constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    copy(other);
-}
-
-const add & add::operator=(const add & other)
-{
-    debugmsg("add operator=",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
-    if (this != &other) {
-        destroy(1);
-        copy(other);
-    }
-    return *this;
-}
-
-// protected
-
-void add::copy(const add & other)
-{
-    inherited::copy(other);
-}
-
-void add::destroy(bool call_parent)
-{
-    if (call_parent) inherited::destroy(call_parent);
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
 }
 
 //////////
@@ -89,491 +56,463 @@ void add::destroy(bool call_parent)
 
 add::add(const ex & lh, const ex & rh)
 {
-    debugmsg("add constructor from ex,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-    overall_coeff = _ex0();
-    construct_from_2_ex(lh,rh);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
+       overall_coeff = _ex0;
+       construct_from_2_ex(lh,rh);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
 add::add(const exvector & v)
 {
-    debugmsg("add constructor from exvector",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-    overall_coeff = _ex0();
-    construct_from_exvector(v);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
-}
-
-/*
-add::add(const epvector & v, bool do_not_canonicalize)
-{
-    debugmsg("add constructor from epvector,bool",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-    if (do_not_canonicalize) {
-        seq=v;
-#ifdef EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-        combine_same_terms(); // to build hashtab
-#endif // def EXPAIRSEQ_USE_HASHTAB
-    } else {
-        construct_from_epvector(v);
-    }
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
+       overall_coeff = _ex0;
+       construct_from_exvector(v);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
-*/
 
 add::add(const epvector & v)
 {
-    debugmsg("add constructor from epvector",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-    overall_coeff = _ex0();
-    construct_from_epvector(v);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
+       overall_coeff = _ex0;
+       construct_from_epvector(v);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
 add::add(const epvector & v, const ex & oc)
 {
-    debugmsg("add constructor from epvector,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-    overall_coeff = oc;
-    construct_from_epvector(v);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
+       overall_coeff = oc;
+       construct_from_epvector(v);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
-add::add(epvector * vp, const ex & oc)
+add::add(std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp, const ex & oc)
 {
-    debugmsg("add constructor from epvector *,ex",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
-    GINAC_ASSERT(vp!=0);
-    overall_coeff = oc;
-    construct_from_epvector(*vp);
-    delete vp;
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
+       tinfo_key = TINFO_add;
+       GINAC_ASSERT(vp!=0);
+       overall_coeff = oc;
+       construct_from_epvector(*vp);
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_canonical());
 }
 
 //////////
 // archiving
 //////////
 
-/** Construct object from archive_node. */
-add::add(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
-{
-    debugmsg("add constructor from archive_node", LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-}
-
-/** Unarchive the object. */
-ex add::unarchive(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst)
-{
-    return (new add(n, sym_lst))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-}
-
-/** Archive the object. */
-void add::archive(archive_node &n) const
-{
-    inherited::archive(n);
-}
+DEFAULT_ARCHIVING(add)
 
 //////////
-// functions overriding virtual functions from bases classes
+// functions overriding virtual functions from base classes
 //////////
 
 // public
 
-basic * add::duplicate() const
-{
-    debugmsg("add duplicate",LOGLEVEL_DUPLICATE);
-    return new add(*this);
-}
-
-void add::print(ostream & os, unsigned upper_precedence) const
-{
-    debugmsg("add print",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    if (precedence<=upper_precedence) os << "(";
-    numeric coeff;
-    bool first = true;
-    // first print the overall numeric coefficient, if present:
-    if (!overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
-        os << overall_coeff;
-        first = false;
-    }
-    // then proceed with the remaining factors:
-    for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        coeff = ex_to_numeric(cit->coeff);
-        if (!first) {
-            if (coeff.csgn()==-1) os << '-'; else os << '+';
-        } else {
-            if (coeff.csgn()==-1) os << '-';
-            first = false;
-        }
-        if (!coeff.is_equal(_num1()) &&
-            !coeff.is_equal(_num_1())) {
-            if (coeff.is_rational()) {
-                if (coeff.is_negative())
-                    os << -coeff;
-                else
-                    os << coeff;
-            } else {
-                if (coeff.csgn()==-1)
-                    (-coeff).print(os, precedence);
-                else
-                    coeff.print(os, precedence);
-            }
-            os << '*';
-        }
-        os << cit->rest;
-    }
-    if (precedence<=upper_precedence) os << ")";
-}
-
-void add::printraw(ostream & os) const
-{
-    debugmsg("add printraw",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-
-    os << "+(";
-    for (epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin(); it!=seq.end(); ++it) {
-        os << "(";
-        (*it).rest.bp->printraw(os);
-        os << ",";
-        (*it).coeff.bp->printraw(os);        
-        os << "),";
-    }
-    os << ",hash=" << hashvalue << ",flags=" << flags;
-    os << ")";
-}
-
-void add::printcsrc(ostream & os, unsigned type, unsigned upper_precedence) const
-{
-    debugmsg("add print csrc", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    if (precedence <= upper_precedence)
-        os << "(";
-
-    // Print arguments, separated by "+"
-    epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin();
-    epvector::const_iterator itend = seq.end();
-    while (it != itend) {
-
-        // If the coefficient is -1, it is replaced by a single minus sign
-        if (it->coeff.compare(_num1()) == 0) {
-            it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-        } else if (it->coeff.compare(_num_1()) == 0) {
-            os << "-";
-            it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-        } else if (ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).numer().compare(_num1()) == 0) {
-            it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-            os << "/";
-            ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).denom().printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-        } else if (ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).numer().compare(_num_1()) == 0) {
-            os << "-";
-            it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-            os << "/";
-            ex_to_numeric(it->coeff).denom().printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-        } else {
-            it->coeff.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-            os << "*";
-            it->rest.bp->printcsrc(os, type, precedence);
-        }
-
-        // Separator is "+", except if the following expression would have a leading minus sign
-        it++;
-        if (it != itend && !(it->coeff.compare(_num0()) < 0 || (it->coeff.compare(_num1()) == 0 && is_ex_exactly_of_type(it->rest, numeric) && it->rest.compare(_num0()) < 0)))
-            os << "+";
-    }
-    
-    if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
-        if (overall_coeff.info(info_flags::positive)) os << '+';
-        overall_coeff.bp->printcsrc(os,type,precedence);
-    }
-    
-    if (precedence <= upper_precedence)
-        os << ")";
+void add::print_add(const print_context & c, const char *openbrace, const char *closebrace, const char *mul_sym, unsigned level) const
+{
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << openbrace << '(';
+
+       numeric coeff;
+       bool first = true;
+
+       // First print the overall numeric coefficient, if present
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
+               overall_coeff.print(c, 0);
+               first = false;
+       }
+
+       // Then proceed with the remaining factors
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
+       while (it != itend) {
+               coeff = ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff);
+               if (!first) {
+                       if (coeff.csgn() == -1) c.s << '-'; else c.s << '+';
+               } else {
+                       if (coeff.csgn() == -1) c.s << '-';
+                       first = false;
+               }
+               if (!coeff.is_equal(_num1) &&
+                   !coeff.is_equal(_num_1)) {
+                       if (coeff.is_rational()) {
+                               if (coeff.is_negative())
+                                       (-coeff).print(c);
+                               else
+                                       coeff.print(c);
+                       } else {
+                               if (coeff.csgn() == -1)
+                                       (-coeff).print(c, precedence());
+                               else
+                                       coeff.print(c, precedence());
+                       }
+                       c.s << mul_sym;
+               }
+               it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+               ++it;
+       }
+
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << ')' << closebrace;
+}
+
+void add::do_print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       print_add(c, "", "", "*", level);
+}
+
+void add::do_print_latex(const print_latex & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       print_add(c, "{", "}", " ", level);
+}
+
+void add::do_print_csrc(const print_csrc & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << "(";
+       
+       // Print arguments, separated by "+"
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
+       while (it != itend) {
+               
+               // If the coefficient is -1, it is replaced by a single minus sign
+               if (it->coeff.is_equal(_ex1)) {
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+               } else if (it->coeff.is_equal(_ex_1)) {
+                       c.s << "-";
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+               } else if (ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).numer().is_equal(_num1)) {
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+                       c.s << "/";
+                       ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).denom().print(c, precedence());
+               } else if (ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).numer().is_equal(_num_1)) {
+                       c.s << "-";
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+                       c.s << "/";
+                       ex_to<numeric>(it->coeff).denom().print(c, precedence());
+               } else {
+                       it->coeff.print(c, precedence());
+                       c.s << "*";
+                       it->rest.print(c, precedence());
+               }
+               
+               // Separator is "+", except if the following expression would have a leading minus sign or the sign is sitting in parenthesis (as in a ctor)
+               ++it;
+               if (it != itend
+                && (is_a<print_csrc_cl_N>(c) || !it->coeff.info(info_flags::real)  // sign inside ctor arguments
+                 || !(it->coeff.info(info_flags::negative) || (it->coeff.is_equal(_num1) && is_exactly_a<numeric>(it->rest) && it->rest.info(info_flags::negative)))))
+                       c.s << "+";
+       }
+       
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
+               if (overall_coeff.info(info_flags::positive)
+                || is_a<print_csrc_cl_N>(c) || !overall_coeff.info(info_flags::real))  // sign inside ctor argument
+                       c.s << '+';
+               overall_coeff.print(c, precedence());
+       }
+               
+       if (precedence() <= level)
+               c.s << ")";
+}
+
+void add::do_print_python_repr(const print_python_repr & c, unsigned level) const
+{
+       c.s << class_name() << '(';
+       op(0).print(c);
+       for (size_t i=1; i<nops(); ++i) {
+               c.s << ',';
+               op(i).print(c);
+       }
+       c.s << ')';
 }
 
 bool add::info(unsigned inf) const
 {
-    switch (inf) {
-        case info_flags::polynomial:
-        case info_flags::integer_polynomial:
-        case info_flags::cinteger_polynomial:
-        case info_flags::rational_polynomial:
-        case info_flags::crational_polynomial:
-        case info_flags::rational_function: {
-            for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i) {
-                if (!(recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).info(inf)))
-                    return false;
-            }
-            return overall_coeff.info(inf);
-        }
-        case info_flags::algebraic: {
-            for (epvector::const_iterator i=seq.begin(); i!=seq.end(); ++i) {
-                if ((recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).info(inf)))
-                    return true;
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return inherited::info(inf);
-}
-
-int add::degree(const symbol & s) const
-{
-    int deg = INT_MIN;
-    if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
-        deg = 0;
-    }
-    int cur_deg;
-    for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        cur_deg=(*cit).rest.degree(s);
-        if (cur_deg>deg) deg=cur_deg;
-    }
-    return deg;
-}
-
-int add::ldegree(const symbol & s) const
-{
-    int deg = INT_MAX;
-    if (!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
-        deg = 0;
-    }
-    int cur_deg;
-    for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        cur_deg = (*cit).rest.ldegree(s);
-        if (cur_deg<deg) deg=cur_deg;
-    }
-    return deg;
-}
-
-ex add::coeff(const symbol & s, int n) const
-{
-    epvector coeffseq;
-    coeffseq.reserve(seq.size());
-
-    epvector::const_iterator it=seq.begin();
-    while (it!=seq.end()) {
-        coeffseq.push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair((*it).rest.coeff(s,n),
-                                                         (*it).coeff));
-        ++it;
-    }
-    if (n==0) {
-        return (new add(coeffseq,overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    }
-    return (new add(coeffseq))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-}
-
+       switch (inf) {
+               case info_flags::polynomial:
+               case info_flags::integer_polynomial:
+               case info_flags::cinteger_polynomial:
+               case info_flags::rational_polynomial:
+               case info_flags::crational_polynomial:
+               case info_flags::rational_function: {
+                       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+                       while (i != end) {
+                               if (!(recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).info(inf)))
+                                       return false;
+                               ++i;
+                       }
+                       return overall_coeff.info(inf);
+               }
+               case info_flags::algebraic: {
+                       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+                       while (i != end) {
+                               if ((recombine_pair_to_ex(*i).info(inf)))
+                                       return true;
+                               ++i;
+                       }
+                       return false;
+               }
+       }
+       return inherited::info(inf);
+}
+
+int add::degree(const ex & s) const
+{
+       int deg = INT_MIN;
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero())
+               deg = 0;
+       
+       // Find maximum of degrees of individual terms
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               int cur_deg = i->rest.degree(s);
+               if (cur_deg > deg)
+                       deg = cur_deg;
+               ++i;
+       }
+       return deg;
+}
+
+int add::ldegree(const ex & s) const
+{
+       int deg = INT_MAX;
+       if (!overall_coeff.is_zero())
+               deg = 0;
+       
+       // Find minimum of degrees of individual terms
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               int cur_deg = i->rest.ldegree(s);
+               if (cur_deg < deg)
+                       deg = cur_deg;
+               ++i;
+       }
+       return deg;
+}
+
+ex add::coeff(const ex & s, int n) const
+{
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> coeffseq(new epvector);
+
+       // Calculate sum of coefficients in each term
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               ex restcoeff = i->rest.coeff(s, n);
+               if (!restcoeff.is_zero())
+                       coeffseq->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(restcoeff, i->coeff));
+               ++i;
+       }
+
+       return (new add(coeffseq, n==0 ? overall_coeff : _ex0))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+}
+
+/** Perform automatic term rewriting rules in this class.  In the following
+ *  x stands for a symbolic variables of type ex and c stands for such
+ *  an expression that contain a plain number.
+ *  - +(;c) -> c
+ *  - +(x;0) -> x
+ *
+ *  @param level cut-off in recursive evaluation */
 ex add::eval(int level) const
 {
-    // simplifications: +(;c) -> c
-    //                  +(x;1) -> x
-
-    debugmsg("add eval",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-
-    epvector * evaled_seqp=evalchildren(level);
-    if (evaled_seqp!=0) {
-        // do more evaluation later
-        return (new add(evaled_seqp,overall_coeff))->
-                   setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    }
-    
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> evaled_seqp = evalchildren(level);
+       if (evaled_seqp.get()) {
+               // do more evaluation later
+               return (new add(evaled_seqp, overall_coeff))->
+                      setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       }
+       
 #ifdef DO_GINAC_ASSERT
-    for (epvector::const_iterator cit=seq.begin(); cit!=seq.end(); ++cit) {
-        GINAC_ASSERT(!is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit).rest,add));
-        if (is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit).rest,numeric)) {
-            dbgprint();
-        }
-        GINAC_ASSERT(!is_ex_exactly_of_type((*cit).rest,numeric));
-    }
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               GINAC_ASSERT(!is_exactly_a<add>(i->rest));
+               if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(i->rest))
+                       dbgprint();
+               GINAC_ASSERT(!is_exactly_a<numeric>(i->rest));
+               ++i;
+       }
 #endif // def DO_GINAC_ASSERT
-    
-    if (flags & status_flags::evaluated) {
-        GINAC_ASSERT(seq.size()>0);
-        GINAC_ASSERT((seq.size()>1)||!overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0()));
-        return *this;
-    }
-    
-    int seq_size=seq.size();
-    if (seq_size==0) {
-        // +(;c) -> c
-        return overall_coeff;
-    } else if ((seq_size==1)&&overall_coeff.is_equal(_ex0())) {
-        // +(x;0) -> x
-        return recombine_pair_to_ex(*(seq.begin()));
-    }
-    return this->hold();
-}
-
-exvector add::get_indices(void) const
-{
-    // FIXME: all terms in the sum should have the same indices (compatible
-    // tensors) however this is not checked, since there is no function yet
-    // which compares indices (idxvector can be unsorted)
-    if (seq.size()==0) {
-        return exvector();
-    }
-    return (seq.begin())->rest.get_indices();
-}    
-
-ex add::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
-{
-    if (seq.size()==0) {
-        return inherited::simplify_ncmul(v);
-    }
-    return (*seq.begin()).rest.simplify_ncmul(v);
+       
+       if (flags & status_flags::evaluated) {
+               GINAC_ASSERT(seq.size()>0);
+               GINAC_ASSERT(seq.size()>1 || !overall_coeff.is_zero());
+               return *this;
+       }
+       
+       int seq_size = seq.size();
+       if (seq_size == 0) {
+               // +(;c) -> c
+               return overall_coeff;
+       } else if (seq_size == 1 && overall_coeff.is_zero()) {
+               // +(x;0) -> x
+               return recombine_pair_to_ex(*(seq.begin()));
+       } else if (!overall_coeff.is_zero() && seq[0].rest.return_type() != return_types::commutative) {
+               throw (std::logic_error("add::eval(): sum of non-commutative objects has non-zero numeric term"));
+       }
+       return this->hold();
+}
+
+ex add::evalm() const
+{
+       // Evaluate children first and add up all matrices. Stop if there's one
+       // term that is not a matrix.
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+       s->reserve(seq.size());
+
+       bool all_matrices = true;
+       bool first_term = true;
+       matrix sum;
+
+       epvector::const_iterator it = seq.begin(), itend = seq.end();
+       while (it != itend) {
+               const ex &m = recombine_pair_to_ex(*it).evalm();
+               s->push_back(split_ex_to_pair(m));
+               if (is_a<matrix>(m)) {
+                       if (first_term) {
+                               sum = ex_to<matrix>(m);
+                               first_term = false;
+                       } else
+                               sum = sum.add(ex_to<matrix>(m));
+               } else
+                       all_matrices = false;
+               ++it;
+       }
+
+       if (all_matrices)
+               return sum + overall_coeff;
+       else
+               return (new add(s, overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+}
+
+ex add::eval_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
+{
+       if (seq.empty())
+               return inherited::eval_ncmul(v);
+       else
+               return seq.begin()->rest.eval_ncmul(v);
 }    
 
 // protected
 
 /** Implementation of ex::diff() for a sum. It differentiates each term.
  *  @see ex::diff */
-ex add::derivative(const symbol & s) const
-{
-    // D(a+b+c)=D(a)+D(b)+D(c)
-    return (new add(diffchildren(s)))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+ex add::derivative(const symbol & y) const
+{
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> s(new epvector);
+       s->reserve(seq.size());
+       
+       // Only differentiate the "rest" parts of the expairs. This is faster
+       // than the default implementation in basic::derivative() although
+       // if performs the same function (differentiate each term).
+       epvector::const_iterator i = seq.begin(), end = seq.end();
+       while (i != end) {
+               s->push_back(combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(i->rest.diff(y), i->coeff));
+               ++i;
+       }
+       return (new add(s, _ex0))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 int add::compare_same_type(const basic & other) const
 {
-    return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
-}
-
-bool add::is_equal_same_type(const basic & other) const
-{
-    return inherited::is_equal_same_type(other);
+       return inherited::compare_same_type(other);
 }
 
-unsigned add::return_type(void) const
+unsigned add::return_type() const
 {
-    if (seq.size()==0) {
-        return return_types::commutative;
-    }
-    return (*seq.begin()).rest.return_type();
+       if (seq.empty())
+               return return_types::commutative;
+       else
+               return seq.begin()->rest.return_type();
 }
    
-unsigned add::return_type_tinfo(void) const
+unsigned add::return_type_tinfo() const
 {
-    if (seq.size()==0) {
-        return tinfo_key;
-    }
-    return (*seq.begin()).rest.return_type_tinfo();
+       if (seq.empty())
+               return tinfo_key;
+       else
+               return seq.begin()->rest.return_type_tinfo();
 }
 
 ex add::thisexpairseq(const epvector & v, const ex & oc) const
 {
-    return (new add(v,oc))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return (new add(v,oc))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
-ex add::thisexpairseq(epvector * vp, const ex & oc) const
+ex add::thisexpairseq(std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp, const ex & oc) const
 {
-    return (new add(vp,oc))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+       return (new add(vp,oc))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 expair add::split_ex_to_pair(const ex & e) const
 {
-    if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)) {
-        const mul & mulref=ex_to_mul(e);
-        ex numfactor=mulref.overall_coeff;
-        // mul * mulcopyp=static_cast<mul *>(mulref.duplicate());
-        mul * mulcopyp=new mul(mulref);
-        mulcopyp->overall_coeff=_ex1();
-        mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
-        mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
-        return expair(mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),numfactor);
-    }
-    return expair(e,_ex1());
+       if (is_exactly_a<mul>(e)) {
+               const mul &mulref(ex_to<mul>(e));
+               const ex &numfactor = mulref.overall_coeff;
+               mul *mulcopyp = new mul(mulref);
+               mulcopyp->overall_coeff = _ex1;
+               mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
+               mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
+               mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               return expair(*mulcopyp,numfactor);
+       }
+       return expair(e,_ex1);
 }
 
 expair add::combine_ex_with_coeff_to_pair(const ex & e,
-                                          const ex & c) const
-{
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c,numeric));
-    if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,mul)) {
-        const mul & mulref=ex_to_mul(e);
-        ex numfactor=mulref.overall_coeff;
-        //mul * mulcopyp=static_cast<mul *>(mulref.duplicate());
-        mul * mulcopyp=new mul(mulref);
-        mulcopyp->overall_coeff=_ex1();
-        mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
-        mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
-        if (are_ex_trivially_equal(c,_ex1())) {
-            return expair(mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),numfactor);
-        } else if (are_ex_trivially_equal(numfactor,_ex1())) {
-            return expair(mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),c);
-        }
-        return expair(mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated),
-                          ex_to_numeric(numfactor).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)));
-    } else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(e,numeric)) {
-        if (are_ex_trivially_equal(c,_ex1())) {
-            return expair(e,_ex1());
-        }
-        return expair(ex_to_numeric(e).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)),_ex1());
-    }
-    return expair(e,c);
+                                                                                 const ex & c) const
+{
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
+       if (is_exactly_a<mul>(e)) {
+               const mul &mulref(ex_to<mul>(e));
+               const ex &numfactor = mulref.overall_coeff;
+               mul *mulcopyp = new mul(mulref);
+               mulcopyp->overall_coeff = _ex1;
+               mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
+               mulcopyp->clearflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
+               mulcopyp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+               if (c.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(*mulcopyp, numfactor);
+               else if (numfactor.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(*mulcopyp, c);
+               else
+                       return expair(*mulcopyp, ex_to<numeric>(numfactor).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)));
+       } else if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(e)) {
+               if (c.is_equal(_ex1))
+                       return expair(e, _ex1);
+               return expair(ex_to<numeric>(e).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)), _ex1);
+       }
+       return expair(e, c);
 }
-    
+
 expair add::combine_pair_with_coeff_to_pair(const expair & p,
-                                            const ex & c) const
+                                                                                       const ex & c) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(p.coeff,numeric));
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_exactly_of_type(c,numeric));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(p.coeff));
+       GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(c));
 
-    if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(p.rest,numeric)) {
-        GINAC_ASSERT(ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).is_equal(_num1())); // should be normalized
-        return expair(ex_to_numeric(p.rest).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)),_ex1());
-    }
+       if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(p.rest)) {
+               GINAC_ASSERT(ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).is_equal(_num1)); // should be normalized
+               return expair(ex_to<numeric>(p.rest).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)),_ex1);
+       }
 
-    return expair(p.rest,ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to_numeric(c)));
+       return expair(p.rest,ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).mul_dyn(ex_to<numeric>(c)));
 }
-    
+       
 ex add::recombine_pair_to_ex(const expair & p) const
 {
-    //if (p.coeff.compare(_ex1())==0) {
-    //if (are_ex_trivially_equal(p.coeff,_ex1())) {
-    if (ex_to_numeric(p.coeff).is_equal(_num1())) {
-        return p.rest;
-    } else {
-        return p.rest*p.coeff;
-    }
+       if (ex_to<numeric>(p.coeff).is_equal(_num1))
+               return p.rest;
+       else
+               return (new mul(p.rest,p.coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 ex add::expand(unsigned options) const
 {
-    if (flags & status_flags::expanded)
-        return *this;
-    
-    epvector * vp = expandchildren(options);
-    if (vp==0) {
-        return *this;
-    }
-    return (new add(vp,overall_coeff))->
-        setflag(status_flags::expanded |
-                status_flags::dynallocated);
-}
-
-//////////
-// new virtual functions which can be overridden by derived classes
-//////////
-
-// none
-
-//////////
-// non-virtual functions in this class
-//////////
-
-// none
+       std::auto_ptr<epvector> vp = expandchildren(options);
+       if (vp.get() == 0) {
+               // the terms have not changed, so it is safe to declare this expanded
+               return (options == 0) ? setflag(status_flags::expanded) : *this;
+       }
 
-//////////
-// static member variables
-//////////
-
-// protected
-
-unsigned add::precedence = 40;
-
-//////////
-// global constants
-//////////
-
-const add some_add;
-const type_info & typeid_add = typeid(some_add);
+       return (new add(vp, overall_coeff))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated | (options == 0 ? status_flags::expanded : 0));
+}
 
-#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 } // namespace GiNaC
-#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC