3 * This file contains the interface to the underlying bignum package.
4 * Its most important design principle is to completely hide the inner
5 * working of that other package from the user of GiNaC. It must either
6 * provide implementation of arithmetic operators and numerical evaluation
7 * of special functions or implement the interface to the bignum package. */
10 * GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
12 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
13 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
14 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
15 * (at your option) any later version.
17 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
18 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
19 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
20 * GNU General Public License for more details.
22 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
23 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
24 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
41 // CLN should pollute the global namespace as little as possible. Hence, we
42 // include most of it here and include only the part needed for properly
43 // declaring cln::cl_number in numeric.h. This can only be safely done in
44 // namespaced versions of CLN, i.e. version > 1.1.0. Also, we only need a
45 // subset of CLN, so we don't include the complete <cln/cln.h> but only the
47 #include <cln/output.h>
48 #include <cln/integer_io.h>
49 #include <cln/integer_ring.h>
50 #include <cln/rational_io.h>
51 #include <cln/rational_ring.h>
52 #include <cln/lfloat_class.h>
53 #include <cln/lfloat_io.h>
54 #include <cln/real_io.h>
55 #include <cln/real_ring.h>
56 #include <cln/complex_io.h>
57 #include <cln/complex_ring.h>
58 #include <cln/numtheory.h>
62 GINAC_IMPLEMENT_REGISTERED_CLASS(numeric, basic)
65 // default ctor, dtor, copy ctor, assignment operator and helpers
68 /** default ctor. Numerically it initializes to an integer zero. */
69 numeric::numeric() : basic(TINFO_numeric)
72 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
75 void numeric::copy(const numeric &other)
77 inherited::copy(other);
81 DEFAULT_DESTROY(numeric)
89 numeric::numeric(int i) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
91 // Not the whole int-range is available if we don't cast to long
92 // first. This is due to the behaviour of the cl_I-ctor, which
93 // emphasizes efficiency. However, if the integer is small enough
94 // we save space and dereferences by using an immediate type.
95 // (C.f. <cln/object.h>)
96 if (i < (1U<<cl_value_len-1))
99 value = cln::cl_I((long) i);
100 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
104 numeric::numeric(unsigned int i) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
106 // Not the whole uint-range is available if we don't cast to ulong
107 // first. This is due to the behaviour of the cl_I-ctor, which
108 // emphasizes efficiency. However, if the integer is small enough
109 // we save space and dereferences by using an immediate type.
110 // (C.f. <cln/object.h>)
111 if (i < (1U<<cl_value_len-1))
112 value = cln::cl_I(i);
114 value = cln::cl_I((unsigned long) i);
115 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
119 numeric::numeric(long i) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
121 value = cln::cl_I(i);
122 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
126 numeric::numeric(unsigned long i) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
128 value = cln::cl_I(i);
129 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
132 /** Ctor for rational numerics a/b.
134 * @exception overflow_error (division by zero) */
135 numeric::numeric(long numer, long denom) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
138 throw std::overflow_error("division by zero");
139 value = cln::cl_I(numer) / cln::cl_I(denom);
140 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
144 numeric::numeric(double d) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
146 // We really want to explicitly use the type cl_LF instead of the
147 // more general cl_F, since that would give us a cl_DF only which
148 // will not be promoted to cl_LF if overflow occurs:
149 value = cln::cl_float(d, cln::default_float_format);
150 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
154 /** ctor from C-style string. It also accepts complex numbers in GiNaC
155 * notation like "2+5*I". */
156 numeric::numeric(const char *s) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
158 cln::cl_N ctorval = 0;
159 // parse complex numbers (functional but not completely safe, unfortunately
160 // std::string does not understand regexpese):
161 // ss should represent a simple sum like 2+5*I
163 std::string::size_type delim;
165 // make this implementation safe by adding explicit sign
166 if (ss.at(0) != '+' && ss.at(0) != '-' && ss.at(0) != '#')
169 // We use 'E' as exponent marker in the output, but some people insist on
170 // writing 'e' at input, so let's substitute them right at the beginning:
171 while ((delim = ss.find("e"))!=std::string::npos)
172 ss.replace(delim,1,"E");
176 // chop ss into terms from left to right
178 bool imaginary = false;
179 delim = ss.find_first_of(std::string("+-"),1);
180 // Do we have an exponent marker like "31.415E-1"? If so, hop on!
181 if (delim!=std::string::npos && ss.at(delim-1)=='E')
182 delim = ss.find_first_of(std::string("+-"),delim+1);
183 term = ss.substr(0,delim);
184 if (delim!=std::string::npos)
185 ss = ss.substr(delim);
186 // is the term imaginary?
187 if (term.find("I")!=std::string::npos) {
189 term.erase(term.find("I"),1);
191 if (term.find("*")!=std::string::npos)
192 term.erase(term.find("*"),1);
193 // correct for trivial +/-I without explicit factor on I:
198 if (term.find('.')!=std::string::npos || term.find('E')!=std::string::npos) {
199 // CLN's short type cl_SF is not very useful within the GiNaC
200 // framework where we are mainly interested in the arbitrary
201 // precision type cl_LF. Hence we go straight to the construction
202 // of generic floats. In order to create them we have to convert
203 // our own floating point notation used for output and construction
204 // from char * to CLN's generic notation:
205 // 3.14 --> 3.14e0_<Digits>
206 // 31.4E-1 --> 31.4e-1_<Digits>
208 // No exponent marker? Let's add a trivial one.
209 if (term.find("E")==std::string::npos)
212 term = term.replace(term.find("E"),1,"e");
213 // append _<Digits> to term
214 term += "_" + ToString((unsigned)Digits);
215 // construct float using cln::cl_F(const char *) ctor.
217 ctorval = ctorval + cln::complex(cln::cl_I(0),cln::cl_F(term.c_str()));
219 ctorval = ctorval + cln::cl_F(term.c_str());
221 // this is not a floating point number...
223 ctorval = ctorval + cln::complex(cln::cl_I(0),cln::cl_R(term.c_str()));
225 ctorval = ctorval + cln::cl_R(term.c_str());
227 } while (delim != std::string::npos);
229 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
233 /** Ctor from CLN types. This is for the initiated user or internal use
235 numeric::numeric(const cln::cl_N &z) : basic(TINFO_numeric)
238 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
245 numeric::numeric(const archive_node &n, const lst &sym_lst) : inherited(n, sym_lst)
247 cln::cl_N ctorval = 0;
249 // Read number as string
251 if (n.find_string("number", str)) {
252 std::istringstream s(str);
253 cln::cl_idecoded_float re, im;
257 case 'R': // Integer-decoded real number
258 s >> re.sign >> re.mantissa >> re.exponent;
259 ctorval = re.sign * re.mantissa * cln::expt(cln::cl_float(2.0, cln::default_float_format), re.exponent);
261 case 'C': // Integer-decoded complex number
262 s >> re.sign >> re.mantissa >> re.exponent;
263 s >> im.sign >> im.mantissa >> im.exponent;
264 ctorval = cln::complex(re.sign * re.mantissa * cln::expt(cln::cl_float(2.0, cln::default_float_format), re.exponent),
265 im.sign * im.mantissa * cln::expt(cln::cl_float(2.0, cln::default_float_format), im.exponent));
267 default: // Ordinary number
274 setflag(status_flags::evaluated | status_flags::expanded);
277 void numeric::archive(archive_node &n) const
279 inherited::archive(n);
281 // Write number as string
282 std::ostringstream s;
283 if (this->is_crational())
284 s << cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value);
286 // Non-rational numbers are written in an integer-decoded format
287 // to preserve the precision
288 if (this->is_real()) {
289 cln::cl_idecoded_float re = cln::integer_decode_float(cln::the<cln::cl_F>(value));
291 s << re.sign << " " << re.mantissa << " " << re.exponent;
293 cln::cl_idecoded_float re = cln::integer_decode_float(cln::the<cln::cl_F>(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value))));
294 cln::cl_idecoded_float im = cln::integer_decode_float(cln::the<cln::cl_F>(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value))));
296 s << re.sign << " " << re.mantissa << " " << re.exponent << " ";
297 s << im.sign << " " << im.mantissa << " " << im.exponent;
300 n.add_string("number", s.str());
303 DEFAULT_UNARCHIVE(numeric)
306 // functions overriding virtual functions from base classes
309 /** Helper function to print a real number in a nicer way than is CLN's
310 * default. Instead of printing 42.0L0 this just prints 42.0 to ostream os
311 * and instead of 3.99168L7 it prints 3.99168E7. This is fine in GiNaC as
312 * long as it only uses cl_LF and no other floating point types that we might
313 * want to visibly distinguish from cl_LF.
315 * @see numeric::print() */
316 static void print_real_number(const print_context & c, const cln::cl_R & x)
318 cln::cl_print_flags ourflags;
319 if (cln::instanceof(x, cln::cl_RA_ring)) {
320 // case 1: integer or rational
321 if (cln::instanceof(x, cln::cl_I_ring) ||
322 !is_a<print_latex>(c)) {
323 cln::print_real(c.s, ourflags, x);
324 } else { // rational output in LaTeX context
328 cln::print_real(c.s, ourflags, cln::abs(cln::numerator(cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(x))));
330 cln::print_real(c.s, ourflags, cln::denominator(cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(x)));
335 // make CLN believe this number has default_float_format, so it prints
336 // 'E' as exponent marker instead of 'L':
337 ourflags.default_float_format = cln::float_format(cln::the<cln::cl_F>(x));
338 cln::print_real(c.s, ourflags, x);
342 /** Helper function to print integer number in C++ source format.
344 * @see numeric::print() */
345 static void print_integer_csrc(const print_context & c, const cln::cl_I & x)
347 // Print small numbers in compact float format, but larger numbers in
349 const int max_cln_int = 536870911; // 2^29-1
350 if (x >= cln::cl_I(-max_cln_int) && x <= cln::cl_I(max_cln_int))
351 c.s << cln::cl_I_to_int(x) << ".0";
353 c.s << cln::double_approx(x);
356 /** Helper function to print real number in C++ source format.
358 * @see numeric::print() */
359 static void print_real_csrc(const print_context & c, const cln::cl_R & x)
361 if (cln::instanceof(x, cln::cl_I_ring)) {
364 print_integer_csrc(c, cln::the<cln::cl_I>(x));
366 } else if (cln::instanceof(x, cln::cl_RA_ring)) {
369 const cln::cl_I numer = cln::numerator(cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(x));
370 const cln::cl_I denom = cln::denominator(cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(x));
371 if (cln::plusp(x) > 0) {
373 print_integer_csrc(c, numer);
376 print_integer_csrc(c, -numer);
379 print_integer_csrc(c, denom);
385 c.s << cln::double_approx(x);
389 /** Helper function to print real number in C++ source format using cl_N types.
391 * @see numeric::print() */
392 static void print_real_cl_N(const print_context & c, const cln::cl_R & x)
394 if (cln::instanceof(x, cln::cl_I_ring)) {
397 c.s << "cln::cl_I(\"";
398 print_real_number(c, x);
401 } else if (cln::instanceof(x, cln::cl_RA_ring)) {
404 cln::cl_print_flags ourflags;
405 c.s << "cln::cl_RA(\"";
406 cln::print_rational(c.s, ourflags, cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(x));
412 c.s << "cln::cl_F(\"";
413 print_real_number(c, cln::cl_float(1.0, cln::default_float_format) * x);
414 c.s << "_" << Digits << "\")";
418 /** This method adds to the output so it blends more consistently together
419 * with the other routines and produces something compatible to ginsh input.
421 * @see print_real_number() */
422 void numeric::print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
424 if (is_a<print_tree>(c)) {
426 c.s << std::string(level, ' ') << cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)
427 << " (" << class_name() << ")"
428 << std::hex << ", hash=0x" << hashvalue << ", flags=0x" << flags << std::dec
431 } else if (is_a<print_csrc_cl_N>(c)) {
434 if (this->is_real()) {
437 print_real_cl_N(c, cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value));
442 c.s << "cln::complex(";
443 print_real_cl_N(c, cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
445 print_real_cl_N(c, cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
449 } else if (is_a<print_csrc>(c)) {
452 std::ios::fmtflags oldflags = c.s.flags();
453 c.s.setf(std::ios::scientific);
454 int oldprec = c.s.precision();
457 if (is_a<print_csrc_double>(c))
462 if (this->is_real()) {
465 print_real_csrc(c, cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value));
470 c.s << "std::complex<";
471 if (is_a<print_csrc_double>(c))
476 print_real_csrc(c, cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
478 print_real_csrc(c, cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
483 c.s.precision(oldprec);
487 const std::string par_open = is_a<print_latex>(c) ? "{(" : "(";
488 const std::string par_close = is_a<print_latex>(c) ? ")}" : ")";
489 const std::string imag_sym = is_a<print_latex>(c) ? "i" : "I";
490 const std::string mul_sym = is_a<print_latex>(c) ? " " : "*";
491 const cln::cl_R r = cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value));
492 const cln::cl_R i = cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value));
494 if (is_a<print_python_repr>(c))
495 c.s << class_name() << "('";
497 // case 1, real: x or -x
498 if ((precedence() <= level) && (!this->is_nonneg_integer())) {
500 print_real_number(c, r);
503 print_real_number(c, r);
507 // case 2, imaginary: y*I or -y*I
511 if (precedence()<=level)
514 c.s << "-" << imag_sym;
516 print_real_number(c, i);
517 c.s << mul_sym+imag_sym;
519 if (precedence()<=level)
523 // case 3, complex: x+y*I or x-y*I or -x+y*I or -x-y*I
524 if (precedence() <= level)
526 print_real_number(c, r);
531 print_real_number(c, i);
532 c.s << mul_sym+imag_sym;
539 print_real_number(c, i);
540 c.s << mul_sym+imag_sym;
543 if (precedence() <= level)
547 if (is_a<print_python_repr>(c))
552 bool numeric::info(unsigned inf) const
555 case info_flags::numeric:
556 case info_flags::polynomial:
557 case info_flags::rational_function:
559 case info_flags::real:
561 case info_flags::rational:
562 case info_flags::rational_polynomial:
563 return is_rational();
564 case info_flags::crational:
565 case info_flags::crational_polynomial:
566 return is_crational();
567 case info_flags::integer:
568 case info_flags::integer_polynomial:
570 case info_flags::cinteger:
571 case info_flags::cinteger_polynomial:
572 return is_cinteger();
573 case info_flags::positive:
574 return is_positive();
575 case info_flags::negative:
576 return is_negative();
577 case info_flags::nonnegative:
578 return !is_negative();
579 case info_flags::posint:
580 return is_pos_integer();
581 case info_flags::negint:
582 return is_integer() && is_negative();
583 case info_flags::nonnegint:
584 return is_nonneg_integer();
585 case info_flags::even:
587 case info_flags::odd:
589 case info_flags::prime:
591 case info_flags::algebraic:
597 int numeric::degree(const ex & s) const
602 int numeric::ldegree(const ex & s) const
607 ex numeric::coeff(const ex & s, int n) const
609 return n==0 ? *this : _ex0;
612 /** Disassemble real part and imaginary part to scan for the occurrence of a
613 * single number. Also handles the imaginary unit. It ignores the sign on
614 * both this and the argument, which may lead to what might appear as funny
615 * results: (2+I).has(-2) -> true. But this is consistent, since we also
616 * would like to have (-2+I).has(2) -> true and we want to think about the
617 * sign as a multiplicative factor. */
618 bool numeric::has(const ex &other) const
620 if (!is_ex_exactly_of_type(other, numeric))
622 const numeric &o = ex_to<numeric>(other);
623 if (this->is_equal(o) || this->is_equal(-o))
625 if (o.imag().is_zero()) // e.g. scan for 3 in -3*I
626 return (this->real().is_equal(o) || this->imag().is_equal(o) ||
627 this->real().is_equal(-o) || this->imag().is_equal(-o));
629 if (o.is_equal(I)) // e.g scan for I in 42*I
630 return !this->is_real();
631 if (o.real().is_zero()) // e.g. scan for 2*I in 2*I+1
632 return (this->real().has(o*I) || this->imag().has(o*I) ||
633 this->real().has(-o*I) || this->imag().has(-o*I));
639 /** Evaluation of numbers doesn't do anything at all. */
640 ex numeric::eval(int level) const
642 // Warning: if this is ever gonna do something, the ex ctors from all kinds
643 // of numbers should be checking for status_flags::evaluated.
648 /** Cast numeric into a floating-point object. For example exact numeric(1) is
649 * returned as a 1.0000000000000000000000 and so on according to how Digits is
650 * currently set. In case the object already was a floating point number the
651 * precision is trimmed to match the currently set default.
653 * @param level ignored, only needed for overriding basic::evalf.
654 * @return an ex-handle to a numeric. */
655 ex numeric::evalf(int level) const
657 // level can safely be discarded for numeric objects.
658 return numeric(cln::cl_float(1.0, cln::default_float_format) *
659 (cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
664 int numeric::compare_same_type(const basic &other) const
666 GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(other));
667 const numeric &o = static_cast<const numeric &>(other);
669 return this->compare(o);
673 bool numeric::is_equal_same_type(const basic &other) const
675 GINAC_ASSERT(is_exactly_a<numeric>(other));
676 const numeric &o = static_cast<const numeric &>(other);
678 return this->is_equal(o);
682 unsigned numeric::calchash(void) const
684 // Use CLN's hashcode. Warning: It depends only on the number's value, not
685 // its type or precision (i.e. a true equivalence relation on numbers). As
686 // a consequence, 3 and 3.0 share the same hashvalue.
687 setflag(status_flags::hash_calculated);
688 return (hashvalue = cln::equal_hashcode(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)) | 0x80000000U);
693 // new virtual functions which can be overridden by derived classes
699 // non-virtual functions in this class
704 /** Numerical addition method. Adds argument to *this and returns result as
705 * a numeric object. */
706 const numeric numeric::add(const numeric &other) const
708 // Efficiency shortcut: trap the neutral element by pointer.
711 else if (&other==_num0_p)
714 return numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)+cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
718 /** Numerical subtraction method. Subtracts argument from *this and returns
719 * result as a numeric object. */
720 const numeric numeric::sub(const numeric &other) const
722 return numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)-cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
726 /** Numerical multiplication method. Multiplies *this and argument and returns
727 * result as a numeric object. */
728 const numeric numeric::mul(const numeric &other) const
730 // Efficiency shortcut: trap the neutral element by pointer.
733 else if (&other==_num1_p)
736 return numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)*cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
740 /** Numerical division method. Divides *this by argument and returns result as
743 * @exception overflow_error (division by zero) */
744 const numeric numeric::div(const numeric &other) const
746 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))
747 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::div(): division by zero");
748 return numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)/cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
752 /** Numerical exponentiation. Raises *this to the power given as argument and
753 * returns result as a numeric object. */
754 const numeric numeric::power(const numeric &other) const
756 // Efficiency shortcut: trap the neutral exponent by pointer.
760 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value))) {
761 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))
762 throw std::domain_error("numeric::eval(): pow(0,0) is undefined");
763 else if (cln::zerop(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value))))
764 throw std::domain_error("numeric::eval(): pow(0,I) is undefined");
765 else if (cln::minusp(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value))))
766 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::eval(): division by zero");
770 return numeric(cln::expt(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value),cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)));
774 const numeric &numeric::add_dyn(const numeric &other) const
776 // Efficiency shortcut: trap the neutral element by pointer.
779 else if (&other==_num0_p)
782 return static_cast<const numeric &>((new numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)+cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))->
783 setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
787 const numeric &numeric::sub_dyn(const numeric &other) const
789 return static_cast<const numeric &>((new numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)-cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))->
790 setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
794 const numeric &numeric::mul_dyn(const numeric &other) const
796 // Efficiency shortcut: trap the neutral element by pointer.
799 else if (&other==_num1_p)
802 return static_cast<const numeric &>((new numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)*cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))->
803 setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
807 const numeric &numeric::div_dyn(const numeric &other) const
809 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))
810 throw std::overflow_error("division by zero");
811 return static_cast<const numeric &>((new numeric(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)/cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))->
812 setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
816 const numeric &numeric::power_dyn(const numeric &other) const
818 // Efficiency shortcut: trap the neutral exponent by pointer.
822 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value))) {
823 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)))
824 throw std::domain_error("numeric::eval(): pow(0,0) is undefined");
825 else if (cln::zerop(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value))))
826 throw std::domain_error("numeric::eval(): pow(0,I) is undefined");
827 else if (cln::minusp(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value))))
828 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::eval(): division by zero");
832 return static_cast<const numeric &>((new numeric(cln::expt(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value),cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value))))->
833 setflag(status_flags::dynallocated));
837 const numeric &numeric::operator=(int i)
839 return operator=(numeric(i));
843 const numeric &numeric::operator=(unsigned int i)
845 return operator=(numeric(i));
849 const numeric &numeric::operator=(long i)
851 return operator=(numeric(i));
855 const numeric &numeric::operator=(unsigned long i)
857 return operator=(numeric(i));
861 const numeric &numeric::operator=(double d)
863 return operator=(numeric(d));
867 const numeric &numeric::operator=(const char * s)
869 return operator=(numeric(s));
873 /** Inverse of a number. */
874 const numeric numeric::inverse(void) const
876 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)))
877 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::inverse(): division by zero");
878 return numeric(cln::recip(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
882 /** Return the complex half-plane (left or right) in which the number lies.
883 * csgn(x)==0 for x==0, csgn(x)==1 for Re(x)>0 or Re(x)=0 and Im(x)>0,
884 * csgn(x)==-1 for Re(x)<0 or Re(x)=0 and Im(x)<0.
886 * @see numeric::compare(const numeric &other) */
887 int numeric::csgn(void) const
889 if (cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)))
891 cln::cl_R r = cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value));
892 if (!cln::zerop(r)) {
898 if (cln::plusp(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value))))
906 /** This method establishes a canonical order on all numbers. For complex
907 * numbers this is not possible in a mathematically consistent way but we need
908 * to establish some order and it ought to be fast. So we simply define it
909 * to be compatible with our method csgn.
911 * @return csgn(*this-other)
912 * @see numeric::csgn(void) */
913 int numeric::compare(const numeric &other) const
915 // Comparing two real numbers?
916 if (cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_R_ring) &&
917 cln::instanceof(other.value, cln::cl_R_ring))
918 // Yes, so just cln::compare them
919 return cln::compare(cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value), cln::the<cln::cl_R>(other.value));
921 // No, first cln::compare real parts...
922 cl_signean real_cmp = cln::compare(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)), cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)));
925 // ...and then the imaginary parts.
926 return cln::compare(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)), cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value)));
931 bool numeric::is_equal(const numeric &other) const
933 return cln::equal(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value),cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
937 /** True if object is zero. */
938 bool numeric::is_zero(void) const
940 return cln::zerop(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value));
944 /** True if object is not complex and greater than zero. */
945 bool numeric::is_positive(void) const
948 return cln::plusp(cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value));
953 /** True if object is not complex and less than zero. */
954 bool numeric::is_negative(void) const
957 return cln::minusp(cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value));
962 /** True if object is a non-complex integer. */
963 bool numeric::is_integer(void) const
965 return cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_I_ring);
969 /** True if object is an exact integer greater than zero. */
970 bool numeric::is_pos_integer(void) const
972 return (this->is_integer() && cln::plusp(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value)));
976 /** True if object is an exact integer greater or equal zero. */
977 bool numeric::is_nonneg_integer(void) const
979 return (this->is_integer() && !cln::minusp(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value)));
983 /** True if object is an exact even integer. */
984 bool numeric::is_even(void) const
986 return (this->is_integer() && cln::evenp(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value)));
990 /** True if object is an exact odd integer. */
991 bool numeric::is_odd(void) const
993 return (this->is_integer() && cln::oddp(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value)));
997 /** Probabilistic primality test.
999 * @return true if object is exact integer and prime. */
1000 bool numeric::is_prime(void) const
1002 return (this->is_integer() && cln::isprobprime(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value)));
1006 /** True if object is an exact rational number, may even be complex
1007 * (denominator may be unity). */
1008 bool numeric::is_rational(void) const
1010 return cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_RA_ring);
1014 /** True if object is a real integer, rational or float (but not complex). */
1015 bool numeric::is_real(void) const
1017 return cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_R_ring);
1021 bool numeric::operator==(const numeric &other) const
1023 return cln::equal(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value), cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
1027 bool numeric::operator!=(const numeric &other) const
1029 return !cln::equal(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value), cln::the<cln::cl_N>(other.value));
1033 /** True if object is element of the domain of integers extended by I, i.e. is
1034 * of the form a+b*I, where a and b are integers. */
1035 bool numeric::is_cinteger(void) const
1037 if (cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_I_ring))
1039 else if (!this->is_real()) { // complex case, handle n+m*I
1040 if (cln::instanceof(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)), cln::cl_I_ring) &&
1041 cln::instanceof(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)), cln::cl_I_ring))
1048 /** True if object is an exact rational number, may even be complex
1049 * (denominator may be unity). */
1050 bool numeric::is_crational(void) const
1052 if (cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_RA_ring))
1054 else if (!this->is_real()) { // complex case, handle Q(i):
1055 if (cln::instanceof(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)), cln::cl_RA_ring) &&
1056 cln::instanceof(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)), cln::cl_RA_ring))
1063 /** Numerical comparison: less.
1065 * @exception invalid_argument (complex inequality) */
1066 bool numeric::operator<(const numeric &other) const
1068 if (this->is_real() && other.is_real())
1069 return (cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value) < cln::the<cln::cl_R>(other.value));
1070 throw std::invalid_argument("numeric::operator<(): complex inequality");
1074 /** Numerical comparison: less or equal.
1076 * @exception invalid_argument (complex inequality) */
1077 bool numeric::operator<=(const numeric &other) const
1079 if (this->is_real() && other.is_real())
1080 return (cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value) <= cln::the<cln::cl_R>(other.value));
1081 throw std::invalid_argument("numeric::operator<=(): complex inequality");
1085 /** Numerical comparison: greater.
1087 * @exception invalid_argument (complex inequality) */
1088 bool numeric::operator>(const numeric &other) const
1090 if (this->is_real() && other.is_real())
1091 return (cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value) > cln::the<cln::cl_R>(other.value));
1092 throw std::invalid_argument("numeric::operator>(): complex inequality");
1096 /** Numerical comparison: greater or equal.
1098 * @exception invalid_argument (complex inequality) */
1099 bool numeric::operator>=(const numeric &other) const
1101 if (this->is_real() && other.is_real())
1102 return (cln::the<cln::cl_R>(value) >= cln::the<cln::cl_R>(other.value));
1103 throw std::invalid_argument("numeric::operator>=(): complex inequality");
1107 /** Converts numeric types to machine's int. You should check with
1108 * is_integer() if the number is really an integer before calling this method.
1109 * You may also consider checking the range first. */
1110 int numeric::to_int(void) const
1112 GINAC_ASSERT(this->is_integer());
1113 return cln::cl_I_to_int(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value));
1117 /** Converts numeric types to machine's long. You should check with
1118 * is_integer() if the number is really an integer before calling this method.
1119 * You may also consider checking the range first. */
1120 long numeric::to_long(void) const
1122 GINAC_ASSERT(this->is_integer());
1123 return cln::cl_I_to_long(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value));
1127 /** Converts numeric types to machine's double. You should check with is_real()
1128 * if the number is really not complex before calling this method. */
1129 double numeric::to_double(void) const
1131 GINAC_ASSERT(this->is_real());
1132 return cln::double_approx(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1136 /** Returns a new CLN object of type cl_N, representing the value of *this.
1137 * This method may be used when mixing GiNaC and CLN in one project.
1139 cln::cl_N numeric::to_cl_N(void) const
1141 return cln::cl_N(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value));
1145 /** Real part of a number. */
1146 const numeric numeric::real(void) const
1148 return numeric(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1152 /** Imaginary part of a number. */
1153 const numeric numeric::imag(void) const
1155 return numeric(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1159 /** Numerator. Computes the numerator of rational numbers, rationalized
1160 * numerator of complex if real and imaginary part are both rational numbers
1161 * (i.e numer(4/3+5/6*I) == 8+5*I), the number carrying the sign in all other
1163 const numeric numeric::numer(void) const
1165 if (this->is_integer())
1166 return numeric(*this);
1168 else if (cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_RA_ring))
1169 return numeric(cln::numerator(cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(value)));
1171 else if (!this->is_real()) { // complex case, handle Q(i):
1172 const cln::cl_RA r = cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1173 const cln::cl_RA i = cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1174 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_I_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_I_ring))
1175 return numeric(*this);
1176 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_I_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_RA_ring))
1177 return numeric(cln::complex(r*cln::denominator(i), cln::numerator(i)));
1178 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_RA_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_I_ring))
1179 return numeric(cln::complex(cln::numerator(r), i*cln::denominator(r)));
1180 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_RA_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_RA_ring)) {
1181 const cln::cl_I s = cln::lcm(cln::denominator(r), cln::denominator(i));
1182 return numeric(cln::complex(cln::numerator(r)*(cln::exquo(s,cln::denominator(r))),
1183 cln::numerator(i)*(cln::exquo(s,cln::denominator(i)))));
1186 // at least one float encountered
1187 return numeric(*this);
1191 /** Denominator. Computes the denominator of rational numbers, common integer
1192 * denominator of complex if real and imaginary part are both rational numbers
1193 * (i.e denom(4/3+5/6*I) == 6), one in all other cases. */
1194 const numeric numeric::denom(void) const
1196 if (this->is_integer())
1199 if (cln::instanceof(value, cln::cl_RA_ring))
1200 return numeric(cln::denominator(cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(value)));
1202 if (!this->is_real()) { // complex case, handle Q(i):
1203 const cln::cl_RA r = cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(cln::realpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1204 const cln::cl_RA i = cln::the<cln::cl_RA>(cln::imagpart(cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)));
1205 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_I_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_I_ring))
1207 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_I_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_RA_ring))
1208 return numeric(cln::denominator(i));
1209 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_RA_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_I_ring))
1210 return numeric(cln::denominator(r));
1211 if (cln::instanceof(r, cln::cl_RA_ring) && cln::instanceof(i, cln::cl_RA_ring))
1212 return numeric(cln::lcm(cln::denominator(r), cln::denominator(i)));
1214 // at least one float encountered
1219 /** Size in binary notation. For integers, this is the smallest n >= 0 such
1220 * that -2^n <= x < 2^n. If x > 0, this is the unique n > 0 such that
1221 * 2^(n-1) <= x < 2^n.
1223 * @return number of bits (excluding sign) needed to represent that number
1224 * in two's complement if it is an integer, 0 otherwise. */
1225 int numeric::int_length(void) const
1227 if (this->is_integer())
1228 return cln::integer_length(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(value));
1237 /** Imaginary unit. This is not a constant but a numeric since we are
1238 * natively handing complex numbers anyways, so in each expression containing
1239 * an I it is automatically eval'ed away anyhow. */
1240 const numeric I = numeric(cln::complex(cln::cl_I(0),cln::cl_I(1)));
1243 /** Exponential function.
1245 * @return arbitrary precision numerical exp(x). */
1246 const numeric exp(const numeric &x)
1248 return cln::exp(x.to_cl_N());
1252 /** Natural logarithm.
1254 * @param z complex number
1255 * @return arbitrary precision numerical log(x).
1256 * @exception pole_error("log(): logarithmic pole",0) */
1257 const numeric log(const numeric &z)
1260 throw pole_error("log(): logarithmic pole",0);
1261 return cln::log(z.to_cl_N());
1265 /** Numeric sine (trigonometric function).
1267 * @return arbitrary precision numerical sin(x). */
1268 const numeric sin(const numeric &x)
1270 return cln::sin(x.to_cl_N());
1274 /** Numeric cosine (trigonometric function).
1276 * @return arbitrary precision numerical cos(x). */
1277 const numeric cos(const numeric &x)
1279 return cln::cos(x.to_cl_N());
1283 /** Numeric tangent (trigonometric function).
1285 * @return arbitrary precision numerical tan(x). */
1286 const numeric tan(const numeric &x)
1288 return cln::tan(x.to_cl_N());
1292 /** Numeric inverse sine (trigonometric function).
1294 * @return arbitrary precision numerical asin(x). */
1295 const numeric asin(const numeric &x)
1297 return cln::asin(x.to_cl_N());
1301 /** Numeric inverse cosine (trigonometric function).
1303 * @return arbitrary precision numerical acos(x). */
1304 const numeric acos(const numeric &x)
1306 return cln::acos(x.to_cl_N());
1312 * @param z complex number
1314 * @exception pole_error("atan(): logarithmic pole",0) */
1315 const numeric atan(const numeric &x)
1318 x.real().is_zero() &&
1319 abs(x.imag()).is_equal(_num1))
1320 throw pole_error("atan(): logarithmic pole",0);
1321 return cln::atan(x.to_cl_N());
1327 * @param x real number
1328 * @param y real number
1329 * @return atan(y/x) */
1330 const numeric atan(const numeric &y, const numeric &x)
1332 if (x.is_real() && y.is_real())
1333 return cln::atan(cln::the<cln::cl_R>(x.to_cl_N()),
1334 cln::the<cln::cl_R>(y.to_cl_N()));
1336 throw std::invalid_argument("atan(): complex argument");
1340 /** Numeric hyperbolic sine (trigonometric function).
1342 * @return arbitrary precision numerical sinh(x). */
1343 const numeric sinh(const numeric &x)
1345 return cln::sinh(x.to_cl_N());
1349 /** Numeric hyperbolic cosine (trigonometric function).
1351 * @return arbitrary precision numerical cosh(x). */
1352 const numeric cosh(const numeric &x)
1354 return cln::cosh(x.to_cl_N());
1358 /** Numeric hyperbolic tangent (trigonometric function).
1360 * @return arbitrary precision numerical tanh(x). */
1361 const numeric tanh(const numeric &x)
1363 return cln::tanh(x.to_cl_N());
1367 /** Numeric inverse hyperbolic sine (trigonometric function).
1369 * @return arbitrary precision numerical asinh(x). */
1370 const numeric asinh(const numeric &x)
1372 return cln::asinh(x.to_cl_N());
1376 /** Numeric inverse hyperbolic cosine (trigonometric function).
1378 * @return arbitrary precision numerical acosh(x). */
1379 const numeric acosh(const numeric &x)
1381 return cln::acosh(x.to_cl_N());
1385 /** Numeric inverse hyperbolic tangent (trigonometric function).
1387 * @return arbitrary precision numerical atanh(x). */
1388 const numeric atanh(const numeric &x)
1390 return cln::atanh(x.to_cl_N());
1394 /*static cln::cl_N Li2_series(const ::cl_N &x,
1395 const ::float_format_t &prec)
1397 // Note: argument must be in the unit circle
1398 // This is very inefficient unless we have fast floating point Bernoulli
1399 // numbers implemented!
1400 cln::cl_N c1 = -cln::log(1-x);
1402 // hard-wire the first two Bernoulli numbers
1403 cln::cl_N acc = c1 - cln::square(c1)/4;
1405 cln::cl_F pisq = cln::square(cln::cl_pi(prec)); // pi^2
1406 cln::cl_F piac = cln::cl_float(1, prec); // accumulator: pi^(2*i)
1408 c1 = cln::square(c1);
1412 aug = c2 * (*(bernoulli(numeric(2*i)).clnptr())) / cln::factorial(2*i+1);
1413 // aug = c2 * cln::cl_I(i%2 ? 1 : -1) / cln::cl_I(2*i+1) * cln::cl_zeta(2*i, prec) / piac / (cln::cl_I(1)<<(2*i-1));
1416 } while (acc != acc+aug);
1420 /** Numeric evaluation of Dilogarithm within circle of convergence (unit
1421 * circle) using a power series. */
1422 static cln::cl_N Li2_series(const cln::cl_N &x,
1423 const cln::float_format_t &prec)
1425 // Note: argument must be in the unit circle
1427 cln::cl_N num = cln::complex(cln::cl_float(1, prec), 0);
1432 den = den + i; // 1, 4, 9, 16, ...
1436 } while (acc != acc+aug);
1440 /** Folds Li2's argument inside a small rectangle to enhance convergence. */
1441 static cln::cl_N Li2_projection(const cln::cl_N &x,
1442 const cln::float_format_t &prec)
1444 const cln::cl_R re = cln::realpart(x);
1445 const cln::cl_R im = cln::imagpart(x);
1446 if (re > cln::cl_F(".5"))
1447 // zeta(2) - Li2(1-x) - log(x)*log(1-x)
1449 - Li2_series(1-x, prec)
1450 - cln::log(x)*cln::log(1-x));
1451 if ((re <= 0 && cln::abs(im) > cln::cl_F(".75")) || (re < cln::cl_F("-.5")))
1452 // -log(1-x)^2 / 2 - Li2(x/(x-1))
1453 return(- cln::square(cln::log(1-x))/2
1454 - Li2_series(x/(x-1), prec));
1455 if (re > 0 && cln::abs(im) > cln::cl_LF(".75"))
1456 // Li2(x^2)/2 - Li2(-x)
1457 return(Li2_projection(cln::square(x), prec)/2
1458 - Li2_projection(-x, prec));
1459 return Li2_series(x, prec);
1462 /** Numeric evaluation of Dilogarithm. The domain is the entire complex plane,
1463 * the branch cut lies along the positive real axis, starting at 1 and
1464 * continuous with quadrant IV.
1466 * @return arbitrary precision numerical Li2(x). */
1467 const numeric Li2(const numeric &x)
1472 // what is the desired float format?
1473 // first guess: default format
1474 cln::float_format_t prec = cln::default_float_format;
1475 const cln::cl_N value = x.to_cl_N();
1476 // second guess: the argument's format
1477 if (!x.real().is_rational())
1478 prec = cln::float_format(cln::the<cln::cl_F>(cln::realpart(value)));
1479 else if (!x.imag().is_rational())
1480 prec = cln::float_format(cln::the<cln::cl_F>(cln::imagpart(value)));
1482 if (cln::the<cln::cl_N>(value)==1) // may cause trouble with log(1-x)
1483 return cln::zeta(2, prec);
1485 if (cln::abs(value) > 1)
1486 // -log(-x)^2 / 2 - zeta(2) - Li2(1/x)
1487 return(- cln::square(cln::log(-value))/2
1488 - cln::zeta(2, prec)
1489 - Li2_projection(cln::recip(value), prec));
1491 return Li2_projection(x.to_cl_N(), prec);
1495 /** Numeric evaluation of Riemann's Zeta function. Currently works only for
1496 * integer arguments. */
1497 const numeric zeta(const numeric &x)
1499 // A dirty hack to allow for things like zeta(3.0), since CLN currently
1500 // only knows about integer arguments and zeta(3).evalf() automatically
1501 // cascades down to zeta(3.0).evalf(). The trick is to rely on 3.0-3
1502 // being an exact zero for CLN, which can be tested and then we can just
1503 // pass the number casted to an int:
1505 const int aux = (int)(cln::double_approx(cln::the<cln::cl_R>(x.to_cl_N())));
1506 if (cln::zerop(x.to_cl_N()-aux))
1507 return cln::zeta(aux);
1513 /** The Gamma function.
1514 * This is only a stub! */
1515 const numeric lgamma(const numeric &x)
1519 const numeric tgamma(const numeric &x)
1525 /** The psi function (aka polygamma function).
1526 * This is only a stub! */
1527 const numeric psi(const numeric &x)
1533 /** The psi functions (aka polygamma functions).
1534 * This is only a stub! */
1535 const numeric psi(const numeric &n, const numeric &x)
1541 /** Factorial combinatorial function.
1543 * @param n integer argument >= 0
1544 * @exception range_error (argument must be integer >= 0) */
1545 const numeric factorial(const numeric &n)
1547 if (!n.is_nonneg_integer())
1548 throw std::range_error("numeric::factorial(): argument must be integer >= 0");
1549 return numeric(cln::factorial(n.to_int()));
1553 /** The double factorial combinatorial function. (Scarcely used, but still
1554 * useful in cases, like for exact results of tgamma(n+1/2) for instance.)
1556 * @param n integer argument >= -1
1557 * @return n!! == n * (n-2) * (n-4) * ... * ({1|2}) with 0!! == (-1)!! == 1
1558 * @exception range_error (argument must be integer >= -1) */
1559 const numeric doublefactorial(const numeric &n)
1561 if (n.is_equal(_num_1))
1564 if (!n.is_nonneg_integer())
1565 throw std::range_error("numeric::doublefactorial(): argument must be integer >= -1");
1567 return numeric(cln::doublefactorial(n.to_int()));
1571 /** The Binomial coefficients. It computes the binomial coefficients. For
1572 * integer n and k and positive n this is the number of ways of choosing k
1573 * objects from n distinct objects. If n is negative, the formula
1574 * binomial(n,k) == (-1)^k*binomial(k-n-1,k) is used to compute the result. */
1575 const numeric binomial(const numeric &n, const numeric &k)
1577 if (n.is_integer() && k.is_integer()) {
1578 if (n.is_nonneg_integer()) {
1579 if (k.compare(n)!=1 && k.compare(_num0)!=-1)
1580 return numeric(cln::binomial(n.to_int(),k.to_int()));
1584 return _num_1.power(k)*binomial(k-n-_num1,k);
1588 // should really be gamma(n+1)/gamma(r+1)/gamma(n-r+1) or a suitable limit
1589 throw std::range_error("numeric::binomial(): don´t know how to evaluate that.");
1593 /** Bernoulli number. The nth Bernoulli number is the coefficient of x^n/n!
1594 * in the expansion of the function x/(e^x-1).
1596 * @return the nth Bernoulli number (a rational number).
1597 * @exception range_error (argument must be integer >= 0) */
1598 const numeric bernoulli(const numeric &nn)
1600 if (!nn.is_integer() || nn.is_negative())
1601 throw std::range_error("numeric::bernoulli(): argument must be integer >= 0");
1605 // The Bernoulli numbers are rational numbers that may be computed using
1608 // B_n = - 1/(n+1) * sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(binomial(n+1,k)*B_k)
1610 // with B(0) = 1. Since the n'th Bernoulli number depends on all the
1611 // previous ones, the computation is necessarily very expensive. There are
1612 // several other ways of computing them, a particularly good one being
1616 // for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
1617 // c = exquo(c*(i-n),(i+2));
1618 // Bern = Bern + c*s/(i+2);
1619 // s = s + expt_pos(cl_I(i+2),n);
1623 // But if somebody works with the n'th Bernoulli number she is likely to
1624 // also need all previous Bernoulli numbers. So we need a complete remember
1625 // table and above divide and conquer algorithm is not suited to build one
1626 // up. The formula below accomplishes this. It is a modification of the
1627 // defining formula above but the computation of the binomial coefficients
1628 // is carried along in an inline fashion. It also honors the fact that
1629 // B_n is zero when n is odd and greater than 1.
1631 // (There is an interesting relation with the tangent polynomials described
1632 // in `Concrete Mathematics', which leads to a program a little faster as
1633 // our implementation below, but it requires storing one such polynomial in
1634 // addition to the remember table. This doubles the memory footprint so
1635 // we don't use it.)
1637 const unsigned n = nn.to_int();
1639 // the special cases not covered by the algorithm below
1641 return (n==1) ? _num_1_2 : _num0;
1645 // store nonvanishing Bernoulli numbers here
1646 static std::vector< cln::cl_RA > results;
1647 static unsigned next_r = 0;
1649 // algorithm not applicable to B(2), so just store it
1651 results.push_back(cln::recip(cln::cl_RA(6)));
1655 return results[n/2-1];
1657 results.reserve(n/2);
1658 for (unsigned p=next_r; p<=n; p+=2) {
1659 cln::cl_I c = 1; // seed for binonmial coefficients
1660 cln::cl_RA b = cln::cl_RA(1-p)/2;
1661 const unsigned p3 = p+3;
1662 const unsigned pm = p-2;
1664 // test if intermediate unsigned int can be represented by immediate
1665 // objects by CLN (i.e. < 2^29 for 32 Bit machines, see <cln/object.h>)
1666 if (p < (1UL<<cl_value_len/2)) {
1667 for (i=2, k=1, p_2=p/2; i<=pm; i+=2, ++k, --p_2) {
1668 c = cln::exquo(c * ((p3-i) * p_2), (i-1)*k);
1669 b = b + c*results[k-1];
1672 for (i=2, k=1, p_2=p/2; i<=pm; i+=2, ++k, --p_2) {
1673 c = cln::exquo((c * (p3-i)) * p_2, cln::cl_I(i-1)*k);
1674 b = b + c*results[k-1];
1677 results.push_back(-b/(p+1));
1680 return results[n/2-1];
1684 /** Fibonacci number. The nth Fibonacci number F(n) is defined by the
1685 * recurrence formula F(n)==F(n-1)+F(n-2) with F(0)==0 and F(1)==1.
1687 * @param n an integer
1688 * @return the nth Fibonacci number F(n) (an integer number)
1689 * @exception range_error (argument must be an integer) */
1690 const numeric fibonacci(const numeric &n)
1692 if (!n.is_integer())
1693 throw std::range_error("numeric::fibonacci(): argument must be integer");
1696 // The following addition formula holds:
1698 // F(n+m) = F(m-1)*F(n) + F(m)*F(n+1) for m >= 1, n >= 0.
1700 // (Proof: For fixed m, the LHS and the RHS satisfy the same recurrence
1701 // w.r.t. n, and the initial values (n=0, n=1) agree. Hence all values
1703 // Replace m by m+1:
1704 // F(n+m+1) = F(m)*F(n) + F(m+1)*F(n+1) for m >= 0, n >= 0
1705 // Now put in m = n, to get
1706 // F(2n) = (F(n+1)-F(n))*F(n) + F(n)*F(n+1) = F(n)*(2*F(n+1) - F(n))
1707 // F(2n+1) = F(n)^2 + F(n+1)^2
1709 // F(2n+2) = F(n+1)*(2*F(n) + F(n+1))
1712 if (n.is_negative())
1714 return -fibonacci(-n);
1716 return fibonacci(-n);
1720 cln::cl_I m = cln::the<cln::cl_I>(n.to_cl_N()) >> 1L; // floor(n/2);
1721 for (uintL bit=cln::integer_length(m); bit>0; --bit) {
1722 // Since a squaring is cheaper than a multiplication, better use
1723 // three squarings instead of one multiplication and two squarings.
1724 cln::cl_I u2 = cln::square(u);
1725 cln::cl_I v2 = cln::square(v);
1726 if (cln::logbitp(bit-1, m)) {
1727 v = cln::square(u + v) - u2;
1730 u = v2 - cln::square(v - u);
1735 // Here we don't use the squaring formula because one multiplication
1736 // is cheaper than two squarings.
1737 return u * ((v << 1) - u);
1739 return cln::square(u) + cln::square(v);
1743 /** Absolute value. */
1744 const numeric abs(const numeric& x)
1746 return cln::abs(x.to_cl_N());
1750 /** Modulus (in positive representation).
1751 * In general, mod(a,b) has the sign of b or is zero, and rem(a,b) has the
1752 * sign of a or is zero. This is different from Maple's modp, where the sign
1753 * of b is ignored. It is in agreement with Mathematica's Mod.
1755 * @return a mod b in the range [0,abs(b)-1] with sign of b if both are
1756 * integer, 0 otherwise. */
1757 const numeric mod(const numeric &a, const numeric &b)
1759 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer())
1760 return cln::mod(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1761 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1767 /** Modulus (in symmetric representation).
1768 * Equivalent to Maple's mods.
1770 * @return a mod b in the range [-iquo(abs(m)-1,2), iquo(abs(m),2)]. */
1771 const numeric smod(const numeric &a, const numeric &b)
1773 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer()) {
1774 const cln::cl_I b2 = cln::ceiling1(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()) >> 1) - 1;
1775 return cln::mod(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()) + b2,
1776 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N())) - b2;
1782 /** Numeric integer remainder.
1783 * Equivalent to Maple's irem(a,b) as far as sign conventions are concerned.
1784 * In general, mod(a,b) has the sign of b or is zero, and irem(a,b) has the
1785 * sign of a or is zero.
1787 * @return remainder of a/b if both are integer, 0 otherwise.
1788 * @exception overflow_error (division by zero) if b is zero. */
1789 const numeric irem(const numeric &a, const numeric &b)
1792 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::irem(): division by zero");
1793 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer())
1794 return cln::rem(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1795 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1801 /** Numeric integer remainder.
1802 * Equivalent to Maple's irem(a,b,'q') it obeyes the relation
1803 * irem(a,b,q) == a - q*b. In general, mod(a,b) has the sign of b or is zero,
1804 * and irem(a,b) has the sign of a or is zero.
1806 * @return remainder of a/b and quotient stored in q if both are integer,
1808 * @exception overflow_error (division by zero) if b is zero. */
1809 const numeric irem(const numeric &a, const numeric &b, numeric &q)
1812 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::irem(): division by zero");
1813 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer()) {
1814 const cln::cl_I_div_t rem_quo = cln::truncate2(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1815 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1816 q = rem_quo.quotient;
1817 return rem_quo.remainder;
1825 /** Numeric integer quotient.
1826 * Equivalent to Maple's iquo as far as sign conventions are concerned.
1828 * @return truncated quotient of a/b if both are integer, 0 otherwise.
1829 * @exception overflow_error (division by zero) if b is zero. */
1830 const numeric iquo(const numeric &a, const numeric &b)
1833 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::iquo(): division by zero");
1834 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer())
1835 return cln::truncate1(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1836 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1842 /** Numeric integer quotient.
1843 * Equivalent to Maple's iquo(a,b,'r') it obeyes the relation
1844 * r == a - iquo(a,b,r)*b.
1846 * @return truncated quotient of a/b and remainder stored in r if both are
1847 * integer, 0 otherwise.
1848 * @exception overflow_error (division by zero) if b is zero. */
1849 const numeric iquo(const numeric &a, const numeric &b, numeric &r)
1852 throw std::overflow_error("numeric::iquo(): division by zero");
1853 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer()) {
1854 const cln::cl_I_div_t rem_quo = cln::truncate2(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1855 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1856 r = rem_quo.remainder;
1857 return rem_quo.quotient;
1865 /** Greatest Common Divisor.
1867 * @return The GCD of two numbers if both are integer, a numerical 1
1868 * if they are not. */
1869 const numeric gcd(const numeric &a, const numeric &b)
1871 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer())
1872 return cln::gcd(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1873 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1879 /** Least Common Multiple.
1881 * @return The LCM of two numbers if both are integer, the product of those
1882 * two numbers if they are not. */
1883 const numeric lcm(const numeric &a, const numeric &b)
1885 if (a.is_integer() && b.is_integer())
1886 return cln::lcm(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(a.to_cl_N()),
1887 cln::the<cln::cl_I>(b.to_cl_N()));
1893 /** Numeric square root.
1894 * If possible, sqrt(z) should respect squares of exact numbers, i.e. sqrt(4)
1895 * should return integer 2.
1897 * @param z numeric argument
1898 * @return square root of z. Branch cut along negative real axis, the negative
1899 * real axis itself where imag(z)==0 and real(z)<0 belongs to the upper part
1900 * where imag(z)>0. */
1901 const numeric sqrt(const numeric &z)
1903 return cln::sqrt(z.to_cl_N());
1907 /** Integer numeric square root. */
1908 const numeric isqrt(const numeric &x)
1910 if (x.is_integer()) {
1912 cln::isqrt(cln::the<cln::cl_I>(x.to_cl_N()), &root);
1919 /** Floating point evaluation of Archimedes' constant Pi. */
1922 return numeric(cln::pi(cln::default_float_format));
1926 /** Floating point evaluation of Euler's constant gamma. */
1929 return numeric(cln::eulerconst(cln::default_float_format));
1933 /** Floating point evaluation of Catalan's constant. */
1934 ex CatalanEvalf(void)
1936 return numeric(cln::catalanconst(cln::default_float_format));
1940 /** _numeric_digits default ctor, checking for singleton invariance. */
1941 _numeric_digits::_numeric_digits()
1944 // It initializes to 17 digits, because in CLN float_format(17) turns out
1945 // to be 61 (<64) while float_format(18)=65. The reason is we want to
1946 // have a cl_LF instead of cl_SF, cl_FF or cl_DF.
1948 throw(std::runtime_error("I told you not to do instantiate me!"));
1950 cln::default_float_format = cln::float_format(17);
1954 /** Assign a native long to global Digits object. */
1955 _numeric_digits& _numeric_digits::operator=(long prec)
1958 cln::default_float_format = cln::float_format(prec);
1963 /** Convert global Digits object to native type long. */
1964 _numeric_digits::operator long()
1966 // BTW, this is approx. unsigned(cln::default_float_format*0.301)-1
1967 return (long)digits;
1971 /** Append global Digits object to ostream. */
1972 void _numeric_digits::print(std::ostream &os) const
1978 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os, const _numeric_digits &e)
1985 // static member variables
1990 bool _numeric_digits::too_late = false;
1993 /** Accuracy in decimal digits. Only object of this type! Can be set using
1994 * assignment from C++ unsigned ints and evaluated like any built-in type. */
1995 _numeric_digits Digits;
1997 } // namespace GiNaC