1 /** @file exam_clifford.cpp
3 * Here we test GiNaC's Clifford algebra objects. */
6 * GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2005 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
8 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
9 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
10 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
11 * (at your option) any later version.
13 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
16 * GNU General Public License for more details.
18 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
19 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
20 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
25 const numeric half(1, 2);
27 static unsigned check_equal(const ex &e1, const ex &e2)
29 ex e = normal(e1 - e2);
31 clog << "(" << e1 << ") - (" << e2 << ") erroneously returned "
32 << e << " instead of 0" << endl;
38 static unsigned check_equal_simplify(const ex &e1, const ex &e2)
40 ex e = normal(simplify_indexed(e1) - e2);
42 clog << "simplify_indexed(" << e1 << ") - (" << e2 << ") erroneously returned "
43 << e << " instead of 0" << endl;
49 static unsigned check_equal_lst(const ex & e1, const ex & e2)
51 for (unsigned int i = 0; i < e1.nops(); i++) {
52 ex e = e1.op(i) - e2.op(i);
53 if (!e.normal().is_zero()) {
54 clog << "(" << e1 << ") - (" << e2 << ") erroneously returned "
55 << e << " instead of 0 (in the entry " << i << ")" << endl;
62 static unsigned check_equal_simplify_term(const ex & e1, const ex & e2, varidx & mu)
64 ex e = expand_dummy_sum(normal(simplify_indexed(e1) - e2), true);
66 for (int j=0; j<4; j++) {
67 ex esub = e.subs(lst(mu == idx(j, mu.get_dim()), mu.toggle_variance() == idx(j, mu.get_dim())));
68 if (!(canonicalize_clifford(esub).is_zero())) {
69 clog << "simplify_indexed(" << e1 << ") - (" << e2 << ") erroneously returned "
70 << canonicalize_clifford(esub) << " instead of 0 for mu=" << j << endl;
77 static unsigned check_equal_simplify_term2(const ex & e1, const ex & e2)
79 ex e = expand_dummy_sum(normal(simplify_indexed(e1) - e2), true);
80 if (!(canonicalize_clifford(e).is_zero())) {
81 clog << "simplify_indexed(" << e1 << ") - (" << e2 << ") erroneously returned "
82 << canonicalize_clifford(e) << " instead of 0" << endl;
89 static unsigned clifford_check1()
91 // checks general identities and contractions
96 varidx mu(symbol("mu"), dim), nu(symbol("nu"), dim), rho(symbol("rho"), dim);
99 e = dirac_ONE() * dirac_ONE();
100 result += check_equal(e, dirac_ONE());
102 e = dirac_ONE() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_ONE();
103 result += check_equal(e, dirac_gamma(mu));
105 e = dirac_gamma(varidx(2, dim)) * dirac_gamma(varidx(1, dim)) *
106 dirac_gamma(varidx(1, dim)) * dirac_gamma(varidx(2, dim));
107 result += check_equal(e, dirac_ONE());
109 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) *
110 dirac_gamma(nu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance());
111 result += check_equal_simplify(e, pow(dim, 2) * dirac_ONE());
113 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) *
114 dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(nu.toggle_variance());
115 result += check_equal_simplify(e, 2*dim*dirac_ONE()-pow(dim, 2)*dirac_ONE());
117 e = dirac_gamma(nu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(rho.toggle_variance()) *
118 dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(nu);
119 e = e.simplify_indexed().collect(dirac_gamma(mu));
120 result += check_equal(e, pow(2 - dim, 2).expand() * dirac_gamma(mu));
125 static unsigned clifford_check2()
127 // checks identities relating to gamma5
132 varidx mu(symbol("mu"), dim), nu(symbol("nu"), dim);
135 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma5() + dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu);
136 result += check_equal(e, 0);
138 e = dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma5() + dirac_gamma(mu);
139 result += check_equal(e, 0);
144 static unsigned clifford_check3()
150 symbol dim("D"), m("m"), q("q"), l("l"), ldotq("ldotq");
151 varidx mu(symbol("mu"), dim), nu(symbol("nu"), dim), rho(symbol("rho"), dim),
152 sig(symbol("sig"), dim), kap(symbol("kap"), dim), lam(symbol("lam"), dim);
156 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e), 0);
158 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho);
159 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e), 0);
161 e = dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu);
162 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e), 0);
164 e = dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu);
165 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e), 0);
167 e = dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho);
168 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e), 0);
171 sp.add(q, q, pow(q, 2));
172 sp.add(l, l, pow(l, 2));
175 e = pow(m, 2) * dirac_slash(q, dim) * dirac_slash(q, dim);
176 e = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed(sp);
177 result += check_equal(e, 4*pow(m, 2)*pow(q, 2));
179 // cyclicity without gamma5
180 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig)
181 - dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(mu);
183 result += check_equal(e, 0);
185 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(kap) * dirac_gamma(lam)
186 - dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(kap) * dirac_gamma(lam) * dirac_gamma(mu);
187 e = dirac_trace(e).expand();
188 result += check_equal(e, 0);
190 // cyclicity of gamma5 * S_4
191 e = dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig)
192 - dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho);
194 result += check_equal(e, 0);
196 // non-cyclicity of order D-4 of gamma5 * S_6
197 e = dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(kap) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance())
198 + dim * dirac_gamma5() * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(kap);
199 e = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed();
200 e = (e / (dim - 4)).normal();
201 result += check_equal(e, 8 * I * lorentz_eps(nu.replace_dim(4), rho.replace_dim(4), sig.replace_dim(4), kap.replace_dim(4)));
203 // one-loop vacuum polarization in QED
204 e = dirac_gamma(mu) *
205 (dirac_slash(l, dim) + dirac_slash(q, 4) + m * dirac_ONE()) *
206 dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance()) *
207 (dirac_slash(l, dim) + m * dirac_ONE());
208 e = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed(sp);
209 result += check_equal(e, 4*((2-dim)*l*l + (2-dim)*ldotq + dim*m*m).expand());
211 e = dirac_slash(q, 4) *
212 (dirac_slash(l, dim) + dirac_slash(q, 4) + m * dirac_ONE()) *
214 (dirac_slash(l, dim) + m * dirac_ONE());
215 e = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed(sp);
216 result += check_equal(e, 4*(2*ldotq*ldotq + q*q*ldotq - q*q*l*l + q*q*m*m).expand());
218 // stuff that had problems in the past
219 ex prop = dirac_slash(q, dim) - m * dirac_ONE();
220 e = dirac_slash(l, dim) * dirac_gamma5() * dirac_slash(l, dim) * prop;
221 e = dirac_trace(dirac_slash(q, dim) * e) - dirac_trace(m * e)
222 - dirac_trace(prop * e);
223 result += check_equal(e, 0);
225 e = (dirac_gamma5() + dirac_ONE()) * dirac_gamma5();
227 result += check_equal(e, 4);
229 // traces with multiple representation labels
230 e = dirac_ONE(0) * dirac_ONE(1) / 16;
231 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e, 0), dirac_ONE(1) / 4);
232 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e, 1), dirac_ONE(0) / 4);
233 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e, 2), e);
234 result += check_equal(dirac_trace(e, lst(0, 1)), 1);
236 e = dirac_gamma(mu, 0) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance(), 1) * dirac_gamma(nu, 0) * dirac_gamma(nu.toggle_variance(), 1);
237 result += check_equal_simplify(dirac_trace(e, 0), 4 * dim * dirac_ONE(1));
238 result += check_equal_simplify(dirac_trace(e, 1), 4 * dim * dirac_ONE(0));
239 // Fails with new tinfo mechanism because the order of gamme matrices with different rl depends on luck.
240 // TODO: better check.
241 //result += check_equal_simplify(dirac_trace(e, 2), canonicalize_clifford(e)); // e will be canonicalized by the calculation of the trace
242 result += check_equal_simplify(dirac_trace(e, lst(0, 1)), 16 * dim);
247 static unsigned clifford_check4()
249 // simplify_indexed()/dirac_trace() cross-checks
254 varidx mu(symbol("mu"), dim), nu(symbol("nu"), dim), rho(symbol("rho"), dim),
255 sig(symbol("sig"), dim), lam(symbol("lam"), dim);
258 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance());
259 t1 = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed();
260 t2 = dirac_trace(e.simplify_indexed());
261 result += check_equal((t1 - t2).expand(), 0);
263 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(lam);
264 t1 = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed();
265 t2 = dirac_trace(e.simplify_indexed());
266 result += check_equal((t1 - t2).expand(), 0);
268 e = dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(nu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance());
269 t1 = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed();
270 t2 = dirac_trace(e.simplify_indexed());
271 result += check_equal((t1 - t2).expand(), 0);
273 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(rho) * dirac_gamma(mu.toggle_variance()) * dirac_gamma(sig) * dirac_gamma(nu.toggle_variance());
274 t1 = dirac_trace(e).simplify_indexed();
275 t2 = dirac_trace(e.simplify_indexed());
276 result += check_equal((t1 - t2).expand(), 0);
281 static unsigned clifford_check5()
283 // canonicalize_clifford() checks
288 varidx mu(symbol("mu"), dim), nu(symbol("nu"), dim), lam(symbol("lam"), dim);
291 e = dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) + dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(mu);
292 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 2*dirac_ONE()*lorentz_g(mu, nu));
294 e = (dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(lam)
295 + dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(lam) * dirac_gamma(mu)
296 + dirac_gamma(lam) * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu)
297 - dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(lam)
298 - dirac_gamma(lam) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(mu)
299 - dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(lam) * dirac_gamma(nu)) / 6
300 + lorentz_g(mu, nu) * dirac_gamma(lam)
301 - lorentz_g(mu, lam) * dirac_gamma(nu)
302 + lorentz_g(nu, lam) * dirac_gamma(mu)
303 - dirac_gamma(mu) * dirac_gamma(nu) * dirac_gamma(lam);
304 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 0);
310 static unsigned clifford_check6(const matrix & A)
312 varidx v(symbol("v"), 4), nu(symbol("nu"), 4), mu(symbol("mu"), 4),
313 psi(symbol("psi"),4), lam(symbol("lambda"), 4),
314 xi(symbol("xi"), 4), rho(symbol("rho"),4);
316 matrix A_symm(4,4), A2(4, 4);
317 A_symm = A.add(A.transpose()).mul(half);
318 A2 = A_symm.mul(A_symm);
323 // checks general identities and contractions for clifford_unit
324 e = dirac_ONE(2) * clifford_unit(mu, A, 2) * dirac_ONE(2);
325 result += check_equal(e, clifford_unit(mu, A, 2));
327 e = clifford_unit(idx(2, 4), A) * clifford_unit(idx(1, 4), A)
328 * clifford_unit(idx(1, 4), A) * clifford_unit(idx(2, 4), A);
329 result += check_equal(e, A(1, 1) * A(2, 2) * dirac_ONE());
331 e = clifford_unit(varidx(2, 4), A) * clifford_unit(varidx(1, 4), A)
332 * clifford_unit(varidx(1, 4), A) * clifford_unit(varidx(2, 4), A);
333 result += check_equal(e, A(1, 1) * A(2, 2) * dirac_ONE());
335 e = clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A);
336 result += check_equal_simplify(e, A.trace() * dirac_ONE());
338 e = clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A);
339 result += check_equal_simplify(e, indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu, nu) * dirac_ONE());
341 e = clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(mu, A);
342 result += check_equal_simplify(e, A.trace() * clifford_unit(mu, A));
344 e = clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A);
346 result += check_equal_simplify_term(e, 2 * indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu.toggle_variance(), mu) *clifford_unit(nu, A)-A.trace()*clifford_unit(mu, A), mu);
348 e = clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A)
349 * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), A);
350 result += check_equal_simplify(e, pow(A.trace(), 2) * dirac_ONE());
352 e = clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A)
353 * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), A);
354 result += check_equal_simplify(e, pow(A.trace(), 2) * dirac_ONE());
356 e = clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A)
357 * clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A);
359 result += check_equal_simplify_term2(e, 2*indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu.toggle_variance(), mu.toggle_variance()) * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A) - pow(A.trace(), 2)*dirac_ONE());
361 e = clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(nu, A)
362 * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A);
364 result += check_equal_simplify_term2(e, 2*indexed(A_symm, nu, mu) * clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A) - pow(A.trace(), 2)*dirac_ONE());
366 e = clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(rho.toggle_variance(), A)
367 * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(rho, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A);
368 e = e.simplify_indexed().collect(clifford_unit(mu, A));
370 result += check_equal_simplify_term(e, 4* indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu.toggle_variance(), rho)*indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), rho.toggle_variance(), mu) *clifford_unit(nu, A)
371 - 2*A.trace() * (clifford_unit(rho, A) * indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), rho.toggle_variance(), mu)
372 + clifford_unit(nu, A) * indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu.toggle_variance(), mu)) + pow(A.trace(),2)* clifford_unit(mu, A), mu);
374 e = clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(rho, A)
375 * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(rho.toggle_variance(), A) * clifford_unit(nu, A);
376 e = e.simplify_indexed().collect(clifford_unit(mu, A));
378 result += check_equal_simplify_term(e, 4* indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu.toggle_variance(), rho)*indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), rho.toggle_variance(), mu) *clifford_unit(nu, A)
379 - 2*A.trace() * (clifford_unit(rho, A) * indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), rho.toggle_variance(), mu)
380 + clifford_unit(nu, A) * indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu.toggle_variance(), mu)) + pow(A.trace(),2)* clifford_unit(mu, A), mu);
382 e = clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A) + clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(mu, A);
383 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 2*dirac_ONE()*indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), mu, nu));
385 e = (clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(lam, A)
386 + clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(lam, A) * clifford_unit(mu, A)
387 + clifford_unit(lam, A) * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A)
388 - clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(lam, A)
389 - clifford_unit(lam, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(mu, A)
390 - clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(lam, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A)) / 6
391 + indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), mu, nu) * clifford_unit(lam, A)
392 - indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), mu, lam) * clifford_unit(nu, A)
393 + indexed(A_symm, sy_symm(), nu, lam) * clifford_unit(mu, A)
394 - clifford_unit(mu, A) * clifford_unit(nu, A) * clifford_unit(lam, A);
395 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 0);
397 // lst_to_clifford() and clifford_inverse() check
398 realsymbol x("x"), y("y"), t("t"), z("z");
400 ex c = clifford_unit(nu, A, 1);
401 e = lst_to_clifford(lst(t, x, y, z), mu, A, 1) * lst_to_clifford(lst(1, 2, 3, 4), c);
402 e1 = clifford_inverse(e);
403 result += check_equal((e*e1).simplify_indexed(), dirac_ONE(1));
405 // Moebius map (both forms) checks for symmetric metrics only
406 matrix M1(2, 2), M2(2, 2);
407 c = clifford_unit(nu, A);
409 e = clifford_moebius_map(0, dirac_ONE(),
410 dirac_ONE(), 0, lst(t, x, y, z), A); // this is just the inversion
413 e1 = clifford_moebius_map(M1, lst(t, x, y, z), A); // the inversion again
414 result += check_equal_lst(e, e1);
416 e1 = clifford_to_lst(clifford_inverse(lst_to_clifford(lst(t, x, y, z), mu, A)), c);
417 result += check_equal_lst(e, e1);
419 e = clifford_moebius_map(dirac_ONE(), lst_to_clifford(lst(1, 2, 3, 4), nu, A),
420 0, dirac_ONE(), lst(t, x, y, z), A); //this is just a shift
421 M2 = dirac_ONE(), lst_to_clifford(lst(1, 2, 3, 4), c),
423 e1 = clifford_moebius_map(M2, lst(t, x, y, z), c); // the same shift
424 result += check_equal_lst(e, e1);
426 result += check_equal(e, lst(t+1, x+2, y+3, z+4));
428 // Check the group law for Moebius maps
429 e = clifford_moebius_map(M1, ex_to<lst>(e1), c); //composition of M1 and M2
430 e1 = clifford_moebius_map(M1.mul(M2), lst(t, x, y, z), c); // the product M1*M2
431 result += check_equal_lst(e, e1);
437 static unsigned clifford_check7(const ex & G, const symbol & dim)
439 // checks general identities and contractions
443 varidx mu(symbol("mu"), dim), nu(symbol("nu"), dim), rho(symbol("rho"), dim),
444 psi(symbol("psi"),dim), lam(symbol("lambda"), dim), xi(symbol("xi"), dim);
447 clifford unit = ex_to<clifford>(clifford_unit(mu, G));
448 ex scalar = unit.get_metric(varidx(0, dim), varidx(0, dim));
450 e = dirac_ONE() * dirac_ONE();
451 result += check_equal(e, dirac_ONE());
453 e = dirac_ONE() * clifford_unit(mu, G) * dirac_ONE();
454 result += check_equal(e, clifford_unit(mu, G));
456 e = clifford_unit(varidx(2, dim), G) * clifford_unit(varidx(1, dim), G)
457 * clifford_unit(varidx(1, dim), G) * clifford_unit(varidx(2, dim), G);
458 result += check_equal(e, dirac_ONE()*pow(scalar, 2));
460 e = clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G)
461 * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), G) * clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), G);
462 result += check_equal_simplify(e, pow(dim*scalar, 2) * dirac_ONE());
464 e = clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G)
465 * clifford_unit(mu.toggle_variance(), G) * clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), G);
466 result += check_equal_simplify(e, (2*dim - pow(dim, 2))*pow(scalar,2)*dirac_ONE());
468 e = clifford_unit(nu.toggle_variance(), G) * clifford_unit(rho.toggle_variance(), G)
469 * clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(rho, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G);
470 e = e.simplify_indexed().collect(clifford_unit(mu, G));
471 result += check_equal(e, pow(scalar*(dim-2), 2).expand() * clifford_unit(mu, G));
473 // canonicalize_clifford() checks, only for symmetric metrics
474 if (ex_to<symmetry>(ex_to<indexed>(ex_to<clifford>(clifford_unit(mu, G)).get_metric()).get_symmetry()).has_symmetry()) {
475 e = clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) + clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G);
476 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 2*dirac_ONE()*unit.get_metric(nu, mu));
478 e = (clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G)
479 + clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G)
480 + clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G)
481 - clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G)
482 - clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G)
483 - clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G)) / 6
484 + unit.get_metric(mu, nu) * clifford_unit(lam, G)
485 - unit.get_metric(mu, lam) * clifford_unit(nu, G)
486 + unit.get_metric(nu, lam) * clifford_unit(mu, G)
487 - clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G);
488 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 0);
490 e = clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) + clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G);
491 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), dirac_ONE()*(unit.get_metric(mu, nu) + unit.get_metric(nu, mu)));
493 e = (clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G)
494 + clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G)
495 + clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G)
496 - clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G)
497 - clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(mu, G)
498 - clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G)) / 6
499 + half * (unit.get_metric(mu, nu) + unit.get_metric(nu, mu)) * clifford_unit(lam, G)
500 - half * (unit.get_metric(mu, lam) + unit.get_metric(lam, mu)) * clifford_unit(nu, G)
501 + half * (unit.get_metric(nu, lam) + unit.get_metric(lam, nu)) * clifford_unit(mu, G)
502 - clifford_unit(mu, G) * clifford_unit(nu, G) * clifford_unit(lam, G);
503 result += check_equal(canonicalize_clifford(e), 0);
508 unsigned exam_clifford()
512 cout << "examining clifford objects" << flush;
513 clog << "----------clifford objects:" << endl;
515 result += clifford_check1(); cout << '.' << flush;
516 result += clifford_check2(); cout << '.' << flush;
517 result += clifford_check3(); cout << '.' << flush;
518 result += clifford_check4(); cout << '.' << flush;
519 result += clifford_check5(); cout << '.' << flush;
521 // anticommuting, symmetric examples
522 result += clifford_check6(ex_to<matrix>(diag_matrix(lst(-1, 1, 1, 1)))); cout << '.' << flush;
523 result += clifford_check6(ex_to<matrix>(diag_matrix(lst(-1, -1, -1, -1)))); cout << '.' << flush;
524 result += clifford_check6(ex_to<matrix>(diag_matrix(lst(-1, 1, 1, -1)))); cout << '.' << flush;
525 result += clifford_check6(ex_to<matrix>(diag_matrix(lst(-1, 0, 1, -1)))); cout << '.' << flush;
526 result += clifford_check6(ex_to<matrix>(diag_matrix(lst(-3, 0, 2, -1)))); cout << '.' << flush;
528 realsymbol s("s"), t("t"); // symbolic entries in matric
529 result += clifford_check6(ex_to<matrix>(diag_matrix(lst(-1, 1, s, t)))); cout << '.' << flush;
532 A = 1, 0, 0, 0, // anticommuting, not symmetric, Tr=0
536 result += clifford_check6(A); cout << '.' << flush;
538 A = 1, 0, 0, 0, // anticommuting, not symmetric, Tr=2
542 result += clifford_check6(A); cout << '.' << flush;
544 A = 1, 0, 0, 0, // not anticommuting, symmetric, Tr=0
548 result += clifford_check6(A); cout << '.' << flush;
550 A = 1, 0, 0, 0, // not anticommuting, symmetric, Tr=2
554 result += clifford_check6(A); cout << '.' << flush;
556 A = 1, 1, 0, 0, // not anticommuting, not symmetric, Tr=4
560 result += clifford_check6(A); cout << '.' << flush;
563 result += clifford_check7(minkmetric(), dim); cout << '.' << flush;
565 varidx chi(symbol("chi"), dim), xi(symbol("xi"), dim);
566 result += clifford_check7(delta_tensor(xi, chi), dim); cout << '.' << flush;
568 result += clifford_check7(lorentz_g(xi, chi), dim); cout << '.' << flush;
570 result += clifford_check7(indexed(-2*minkmetric(), sy_symm(), xi, chi), dim); cout << '.' << flush;
571 result += clifford_check7(-2*delta_tensor(xi, chi), dim); cout << '.' << flush;
574 cout << " passed " << endl;
575 clog << "(no output)" << endl;
577 cout << " failed " << endl;