3 * Implementation of GiNaC's light-weight expression handles. */
6 * GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
8 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
9 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
10 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
11 * (at your option) any later version.
13 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
16 * GNU General Public License for more details.
18 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
19 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
20 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
33 #include "relational.h"
34 #include "input_lexer.h"
46 // non-virtual functions in this class
51 /** Print expression to stream. The formatting of the output is determined
52 * by the kind of print_context object that is passed. Possible formattings
53 * include ginsh-parsable output (the default), tree-like output for
54 * debugging, and C++ source.
55 * @see print_context */
56 void ex::print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
61 /** Little wrapper arount print to be called within a debugger. */
62 void ex::dbgprint() const
67 /** Little wrapper arount printtree to be called within a debugger. */
68 void ex::dbgprinttree() const
73 ex ex::expand(unsigned options) const
75 if (options == 0 && (bp->flags & status_flags::expanded)) // The "expanded" flag only covers the standard options; someone might want to re-expand with different options
78 return bp->expand(options);
81 /** Compute partial derivative of an expression.
83 * @param s symbol by which the expression is derived
84 * @param nth order of derivative (default 1)
85 * @return partial derivative as a new expression */
86 ex ex::diff(const symbol & s, unsigned nth) const
91 return bp->diff(s, nth);
94 /** Check whether expression matches a specified pattern. */
95 bool ex::match(const ex & pattern) const
98 return bp->match(pattern, repl_lst);
101 /** Find all occurrences of a pattern. The found matches are appended to
102 * the "found" list. If the expression itself matches the pattern, the
103 * children are not further examined. This function returns true when any
104 * matches were found. */
105 bool ex::find(const ex & pattern, lst & found) const
107 if (match(pattern)) {
113 bool any_found = false;
114 for (size_t i=0; i<nops(); i++)
115 if (op(i).find(pattern, found))
120 /** Substitute objects in an expression (syntactic substitution) and return
121 * the result as a new expression. */
122 ex ex::subs(const lst & ls, const lst & lr, unsigned options) const
124 GINAC_ASSERT(ls.nops() == lr.nops());
126 // Convert the lists to a map
128 for (lst::const_iterator its = ls.begin(), itr = lr.begin(); its != ls.end(); ++its, ++itr) {
131 // Search for products and powers in the expressions to be substituted
132 // (for an optimization in expairseq::subs())
133 if (is_exactly_a<mul>(*its) || is_exactly_a<power>(*its))
134 options |= subs_options::pattern_is_product;
136 if (!(options & subs_options::pattern_is_product))
137 options |= subs_options::pattern_is_not_product;
139 return bp->subs(m, options);
142 /** Substitute objects in an expression (syntactic substitution) and return
143 * the result as a new expression. There are two valid types of
144 * replacement arguments: 1) a relational like object==ex and 2) a list of
145 * relationals lst(object1==ex1,object2==ex2,...). */
146 ex ex::subs(const ex & e, unsigned options) const
148 if (e.info(info_flags::relation_equal)) {
150 const ex & s = e.lhs();
152 if (is_exactly_a<mul>(s) || is_exactly_a<power>(s))
153 options |= subs_options::pattern_is_product;
154 return bp->subs(m, options);
155 } else if (!e.info(info_flags::list))
156 throw(std::invalid_argument("basic::subs(ex): argument must be a list"));
158 // Convert the list to a map
160 GINAC_ASSERT(is_a<lst>(e));
161 for (lst::const_iterator it = ex_to<lst>(e).begin(); it != ex_to<lst>(e).end(); ++it) {
163 if (!r.info(info_flags::relation_equal))
164 throw(std::invalid_argument("basic::subs(ex): argument must be a list of equations"));
165 const ex & s = r.lhs();
168 // Search for products and powers in the expressions to be substituted
169 // (for an optimization in expairseq::subs())
170 if (is_exactly_a<mul>(s) || is_exactly_a<power>(s))
171 options |= subs_options::pattern_is_product;
173 if (!(options & subs_options::pattern_is_product))
174 options |= subs_options::pattern_is_not_product;
176 return bp->subs(m, options);
179 /** Traverse expression tree with given visitor, preorder traversal. */
180 void ex::traverse_preorder(visitor & v) const
185 for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
186 op(i).traverse_preorder(v);
189 /** Traverse expression tree with given visitor, postorder traversal. */
190 void ex::traverse_postorder(visitor & v) const
193 for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
194 op(i).traverse_postorder(v);
199 /** Return modifyable operand/member at position i. */
200 ex & ex::let_op(size_t i)
203 return bp->let_op(i);
206 ex & ex::operator[](const ex & index)
212 ex & ex::operator[](size_t i)
218 /** Left hand side of relational expression. */
221 if (!is_a<relational>(*this))
222 throw std::runtime_error("ex::lhs(): not a relation");
226 /** Right hand side of relational expression. */
229 if (!is_a<relational>(*this))
230 throw std::runtime_error("ex::rhs(): not a relation");
236 /** Make this ex writable (if more than one ex handle the same basic) by
237 * unlinking the object and creating an unshared copy of it. */
238 void ex::makewriteable()
240 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
242 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 1);
245 /** Helper function for the ex-from-basic constructor. This is where GiNaC's
246 * automatic evaluator and memory management are implemented.
247 * @see ex::ex(const basic &) */
248 ptr<basic> ex::construct_from_basic(const basic & other)
250 if (!(other.flags & status_flags::evaluated)) {
252 // The object is not yet evaluated, so call eval() to evaluate
253 // the top level. This will return either
254 // a) the original object with status_flags::evaluated set (when the
255 // eval() implementation calls hold())
257 // b) a different expression.
259 // eval() returns an ex, not a basic&, so this will go through
260 // construct_from_basic() a second time. In case a) we end up in
261 // the "else" branch below. In case b) we end up here again and
262 // apply eval() once more. The recursion stops when eval() calls
263 // hold() or returns an object that already has its "evaluated"
264 // flag set, such as a symbol or a numeric.
265 const ex & tmpex = other.eval(1);
267 // Eventually, the eval() recursion goes through the "else" branch
268 // below, which assures that the object pointed to by tmpex.bp is
269 // allocated on the heap (either it was already on the heap or it
270 // is a heap-allocated duplicate of another object).
271 GINAC_ASSERT(tmpex.bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
273 // If the original object is not referenced but heap-allocated,
274 // it means that eval() hit case b) above. The original object is
275 // no longer needed (it evaluated into something different), so we
276 // delete it (because nobody else will).
277 if ((other.refcount==0) && (other.flags & status_flags::dynallocated))
278 delete &other; // yes, you can apply delete to a const pointer
280 // We can't return a basic& here because the tmpex is destroyed as
281 // soon as we leave the function, which would deallocate the
287 // The easy case: making an "ex" out of an evaluated object.
288 if (other.flags & status_flags::dynallocated) {
290 // The object is already heap-allocated, so we can just make
291 // another reference to it.
292 return ptr<basic>(const_cast<basic &>(other));
296 // The object is not heap-allocated, so we create a duplicate
298 basic *bp = other.duplicate();
299 bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
300 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 0);
306 basic & ex::construct_from_int(int i)
308 switch (i) { // prefer flyweights over new objects
310 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_12);
312 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_11);
314 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_10);
316 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_9);
318 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_8);
320 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_7);
322 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_6);
324 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_5);
326 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_4);
328 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_3);
330 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_2);
332 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_1);
334 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num0);
336 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num1);
338 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num2);
340 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num3);
342 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num4);
344 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num5);
346 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num6);
348 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num7);
350 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num8);
352 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num9);
354 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num10);
356 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num11);
358 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num12);
360 basic *bp = new numeric(i);
361 bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
362 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 0);
367 basic & ex::construct_from_uint(unsigned int i)
369 switch (i) { // prefer flyweights over new objects
371 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num0);
373 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num1);
375 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num2);
377 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num3);
379 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num4);
381 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num5);
383 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num6);
385 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num7);
387 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num8);
389 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num9);
391 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num10);
393 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num11);
395 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num12);
397 basic *bp = new numeric(i);
398 bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
399 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 0);
404 basic & ex::construct_from_long(long i)
406 switch (i) { // prefer flyweights over new objects
408 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_12);
410 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_11);
412 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_10);
414 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_9);
416 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_8);
418 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_7);
420 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_6);
422 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_5);
424 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_4);
426 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_3);
428 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_2);
430 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num_1);
432 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num0);
434 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num1);
436 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num2);
438 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num3);
440 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num4);
442 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num5);
444 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num6);
446 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num7);
448 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num8);
450 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num9);
452 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num10);
454 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num11);
456 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num12);
458 basic *bp = new numeric(i);
459 bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
460 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 0);
465 basic & ex::construct_from_ulong(unsigned long i)
467 switch (i) { // prefer flyweights over new objects
469 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num0);
471 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num1);
473 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num2);
475 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num3);
477 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num4);
479 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num5);
481 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num6);
483 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num7);
485 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num8);
487 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num9);
489 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num10);
491 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num11);
493 return const_cast<numeric &>(_num12);
495 basic *bp = new numeric(i);
496 bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
497 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 0);
502 basic & ex::construct_from_double(double d)
504 basic *bp = new numeric(d);
505 bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
506 GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 0);
510 ptr<basic> ex::construct_from_string_and_lst(const std::string &s, const ex &l)
513 set_lexer_symbols(l);
514 ginac_yyrestart(NULL);
516 throw (std::runtime_error(get_parser_error()));
522 // static member variables
528 // functions which are not member functions